Wet Macular Degeneration Quiz

Slow drift off the target followed by fast corrective jerk back to primary position.

Continual oscillation without separate phases (slow/fast correction) and masses in the brain or along the optic tract.

Dysfunction of the labyrinth (Meniere’s disease), vestibular nerve, or vestibular nucleus in the brainstem.

<p>Acquired abnormalities to the optic disc, such as cupping.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Restricted eye movement, dropped eye, and crepitus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Obvious corneal or scleral laceration, peaked pupil, and subconjunctival hemorrhage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ophthalmologist consult, no aspirin, and elevation of the head of the bed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Suggestive of a sight-threatening ocular infection, necessitating urgent ophthalmologist evaluation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Painless vision loss, cherry red spot or boxcar appearance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carotid disease, cardiogenic emboli, small artery disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Poor, with the retina's ability to survive without proper blood flow limited to about 90 minutes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Painless vision loss, blood and thunder appearance, retinal hemorrhages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>May involve VEGF inhibitors, and underlying conditions such as glaucoma and hypercoagulable states should be addressed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, smoking.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Macular edema and neovascularization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased pressures causing macular edema, neovascularization, retinal ischemia, and venous dilation and tortuosity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Optic neuritis is associated with multiple sclerosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Papilledema is diagnosed using neuroimaging and lumbar puncture, and treated with acetazolamide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A sudden vision loss is characteristic of Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (AION).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AAION) requires urgent recognition and treatment with steroids to prevent blindness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Treatment for Posterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy is focused on addressing the underlying cause.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy is characterized by progressive, painless vision loss in young men, maternally inherited, and currently has no treatment available.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Toxic Optic Neuropathy is caused by certain agents and conditions, and presents with visual loss and bilateral optic disc swelling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Optic disc drusen are refractile particles in the optic nerve that can cause visual obscurations, and currently have no treatment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Orbital cellulitis is an infection of eye muscles and fat around the eye, requiring emergent referral and IV antibiotics, while periorbital (preseptal) cellulitis is an infection of skin structures anterior to the orbital septum, common in the pediatric population, with treatment varying based on cause and severity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Macular degeneration is the leading cause of blindness in older adults, more common in smokers, and presents with central vision loss. The dry form has limited treatment options.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cellulitis vs. Preseptal Cellulitis differ in clinical presentation, causes, and treatment strategies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wet macular degeneration is a more severe form, occurring between 50 and 60 years, affecting more females than males, and leading to rapid central vision loss.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>VEGF inhibitors like Bevacizumab and Ranibizumab are used for diagnosing and treating wet macular degeneration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dry macular degeneration involves extracellular debris deposits around the macula, causing gradual progressive bilateral vision loss, while wet macular degeneration involves accumulation of serous fluid, hemorrhage, and fibrosis leading to rapid and severe vision loss.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intraocular injection of VEGF antagonists and photocoagulation are used to treat macular degeneration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Retinal detachment is characterized by sudden visual field loss, can occur spontaneously in individuals over 50 and is often preceded by floaters or shadow-like disturbances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Retinal detachment can lead to blindness and has a poor prognosis if the macula has detached, but emergency treatment can lead to good recovery without recurrence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypertensive retinopathy is characterized by signs such as AV nicking, copper wiring, and papilledema, and its severity is classified based on fundoscopic exam findings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diabetic retinopathy is characterized by nonspecific visual symptoms like spots floating in vision, blurred vision, and dark streaks, and can be non-proliferative or proliferative.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proliferative diabetic retinopathy is the most severe type, characterized by abnormal blood vessels growing in the retina, causing vitreous hemorrhage and retinal detachment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prevention of diabetic retinopathy involves good glycemic control, BP control, and lipid control, and treatment includes VEGF inhibitors, laser, and surgical vitrectomy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diabetic retinopathy presents with microaneurysms, cotton wool spots, and exudates on examination, and its proliferative form is characterized by new blood vessels leaking, leading to vitreous hemorrhage and retinal detachment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prompt referral to ophthalmology is vital for new-onset symptoms of retinal disorders because treatment for retinal detachment includes emergency consult/referral and various surgical interventions like pneumatic retinopexy and pars plana vitrectomy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amaurosis fugax is a transient ischemic attack of the retina, leading to sudden vision loss in one or more visual fields, often associated with Hollenhorst plaque and carotid disease, warranting urgent referral and carotid ultrasound.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amblyopia is commonly caused by strabismus, uremia, or toxins like alcohol and tobacco.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glaucoma has open-angle and angle-closure subtypes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Open-angle glaucoma is managed with betablockers and prostaglandin drops to lower intraocular pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Angle-closure glaucoma presents with a painful, red eye, cloudy cornea, and dilated fixed eye.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glaucoma has an increased prevalence in the elderly, individuals with narrow anterior chamber angle, enlarged lens, farsightedness, and is associated with conditions like diabetes, hypertension, and myopia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Optic disc swelling warrants urgent referral to an ophthalmologist and comprehensive workup to identify and treat any systemic conditions associated with macular edema, neovascularization, and hypercoagulability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The management includes oral aspirin and finding underlying causes, similar to the workup for CRAO, focusing on ischemia, cardiac emboli, and GCA.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Strabismus is a deviation from ocular alignment, affecting 4% of children and potentially leading to amblyopia, and it is associated with muscular imbalance, trauma, brain tumors, and elevated intracranial pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Closed-angle glaucoma diagnosis requires the presence of optic disc abnormalities, increased intraocular pressure, and visual field loss, while treatment involves urgent ophthalmology referral, IOP-lowering agents, and laser or surgical options.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Medications that worsen glaucoma include alpha/beta agonists, anticholinergics, antihistamines, psychiatric drugs, inhaled beta 2 agonists, and antibiotics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ophthalmologic procedures for glaucoma include laser therapy, trabeculectomy surgery, and medications like timolol, prostaglandin analogs, and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, with considerations for osmotic diuretics and potential adverse effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers