Questions and Answers
What is the Columbian Exchange?
What is the Triangular Trade?
A system in which goods and slaves were traded among the Americas, Europe, and Africa.
Who was William of Orange?
Dutch prince and foe of Louis XIV who became king of England in 1689.
What was William of Orange's greatest achievement?
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What was a barrier between the cultures of North America and Europe?
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What was the Encomienda System?
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The Pilgrims that landed at Plymouth Rock were...
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What were some reasons common settlers came to the Americas?
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How did the indentured servant system work?
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What were conditions like on the slave ships?
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Where were the most profitable French colonies located?
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What did England's Glorious Revolution create?
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In 'Two Treatises of Government', what did John Locke argue?
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What reshaped the balance of power in Central and Eastern Europe?
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Louis XIV recruited members of the _________ to work as royal intendants.
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What was the popular name for those who opposed Charles II's move toward absolutism?
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How did Louis XIV endeavor to control potential rebellions among the noble class?
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What ordered the court culture at Versailles?
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What was the most expensive expenditure made by states?
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What resulted from Peter the Great's victory against Sweden?
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Who made the first challenge to the Ptolemaic conception of the universe?
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Who did Sir Isaac Newton publish 'Principia Mathematica' to answer critiques from?
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What was one result of Galileo's trial?
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An exception to the norm of not admitting women in European academic societies was:
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What did Johannes Kepler build on from his mentor, Tycho Brahe?
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Who was one of the founders of modern chemistry?
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Throughout the Middle Ages, the most important classical authorities on cosmology were _________ and _________.
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What does the phrase 'knowledge is power' convey?
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How did Tycho Brahe differ from Copernicus?
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Study Notes
Columbian Exchange
- Exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and Europe.
Triangular Trade
- Goods and slaves traded among the Americas, Europe, and Africa; sugar was a core commodity.
William of Orange
- Dutch prince who became king of England in 1689; opposed Louis XIV.
Achievement of William of Orange
- Successfully compelled Spain to recognize the independence of the Northern Dutch Republic.
Barrier Between Cultures
- Atlantic Ocean acted as a barrier between North America and Europe.
Encomienda System
- A Spanish colonial system allowing settlers to exact labor and taxes from local indigenous people in exchange for protection and education.
Pilgrims at Plymouth Rock
- The settlers were known as Puritans, seeking religious freedom.
Reasons for Settlement in the Americas
- Various motivations included religious freedom, economic hardship, land acquisition, job scarcity in Europe, resource strain from population growth, and the enclosure movement.
Indentured Servant System
- Individuals unable to afford passage to the New World worked for four to seven years for someone else who paid their fare.
Conditions on Slave Ships
- Overcrowded, unsanitary conditions led to diseases, escape attempts, and suicides among slaves.
Profitable French Colonies
- The Caribbean housed the most lucrative French colonies.
England's Glorious Revolution
- Created a favorable environment to empower the commercial classes.
John Locke's Two Treatises of Government
- Argued that government authority is based on a conditional and contractual agreement with the governed.
Shift in Power Dynamics
- Loss of power by the Ottoman Empire reshaped the balance of power in central and eastern Europe in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries.
Louis XIV and the Bourgeoisie
- Recruited members of the bourgeoisie to serve as royal intendants for administrative tasks.
Opposition to Charles II
- Those who opposed Charles II’s absolutism were commonly referred to as Whigs.
Control over Nobility by Louis XIV
- Required nobles to spend part of the year in Versailles to minimize the threat of rebellion.
Court Culture at Versailles
- Governed by detailed rules of etiquette to maintain order and hierarchy.
Taxation in Europe
- New taxation systems financed many state expenses, with warfare being the most significant expenditure.
Peter the Great's Victory
- His triumph in the Great Northern War secured Russian access to the Baltic Sea, enhancing grain trade.
Challenge to Ptolemaic Cosmology
- Nicolaus Copernicus notably challenged traditional views of the universe.
Principia Mathematica
- Sir Isaac Newton authored this work to address critiques from contemporaries like Robert Hooke.
Impact of Galileo's Trial
- Enhanced the prominence of the New Science in northwest Europe following his trial.
Exception of Women in Academia
- Laura Bassi was a notable exception to women's exclusion in European academic societies.
Johannes Kepler's Contributions
- Expanded upon Tycho Brahe’s findings to correct Copernicus’s theories on planetary motion.
Modern Chemistry Founder
- Robert Boyle recognized as one of the foundational figures in modern chemistry.
Classical Authorities on Cosmology
- Aristotle and Ptolemy were the primary authorities during the Middle Ages.
Optimism in Knowledge
- The phrase "knowledge is power" is associated with Francis Bacon, reflecting a belief in human potential and discovery.
Copernicus and Tycho Brahe
- Tycho Brahe's approach differed from Copernicus regarding empirical observations and cosmological data collection.
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Description
Test your knowledge on key concepts from Chapters 14, 15, and 16 of Western Civilization. This flashcard quiz covers important terms such as the Columbian Exchange and Triangular Trade, enhancing your understanding of historical trade dynamics and figures like William of Orange.
