West African Empires: Ghana, Mali, and Songhay

<p>They operated as semi-autonomous governments. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It potentially created a power base that could challenge Askia's authority. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>His declaration that Angola was an enemy of the state. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He sought to protect them, earning him the title 'king of the Portuguese'. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An alliance with the Dutch West India Company and Bakongo forces. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The sudden death of Alvaro VI, creating a power vacuum. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They captured Luanda but failed to displace the Portuguese. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fighting with Alvaro V against Duke Daniel da Silva. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He strategically promoted slaves to positions in the government. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By writing letters of protest to Rome and protecting Jesuits. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Forming a regiment of musketeers after the Jaga invasion. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He led a coup, using military force to remove the elected officials. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Over-reliance on traditional weaponry against Moroccan gunpowder technology. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By influencing Askia Muhammed to appoint a younger son to a prestigious position, angering Musa. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To preemptively eliminate a potential source of legitimacy and opposition to his rule. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>If the Songhai army had adopted the Moroccans' gunpowder technology before the battle. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By eliminating potential rivals through violence, highlighting the instability and ruthlessness of succession. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Benikan reversed his predecessor's policy of relying on the aristocracy rather than peasants. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Assembling a large army of over 40,000 soldiers to confront the invading forces. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A period of internal strife, political maneuvering, and challenges to established authority. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Roman Empire, adapting laws and customs of conquered people. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Knowledge of high water seasons, utilizing the river navy effectively. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To prevent the Portuguese from allying with the Mandinka. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It led to the warriors throwing captured Moroccan muskets into the Niger. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The cavalry became vulnerable to Malian archers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sonni Ali was viewed as a brutal ruler, whereas Askia Muhammed sought to establish a devout Islamic government. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They were a significant caravan route, vital for trade and economic control. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It established diplomatic relations, enhancing Songhay's prestige. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To acquire slaves and treasure through raids and conquest. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By opening government service based on intellect, creating an efficient bureaucracy. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They were key economic centers, but failed to achieve internal stability. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By initiating a series of jihads to convert animists to Islam, increasing Islamic influence. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Askias cultivated positive relations with the religious estate, offering gifts and recognizing their influence. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They were largely not Songhay and their neighbors were not muslims. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It guided lives and often influenced but not dictated government policy, remaining largely independent. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through strategic migrations to acquire fertile lands and military campaigns to establish dominance. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To elect the manikongo, govern, and establish procedures for organizing affairs, including significant input from principal women. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It empowered the Mwissikongo, who utilized the slave trade for wealth and power, leading to a reliance on slaves and a weakening of the Kanda system. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It reinforced the power of the Mwissikongo and Christian missionaries, further shifting power dynamics and solidifying the patrilineal line. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tributes derived from trade taxes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They worked on large, noble estates involved in fishing, animal husbandry, and wheat production. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By gaining control of regions rich in resources like iron, cloth, and salt, which were then taken as tribute. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It was the strategically positioned capital, offering natural defenses and serving as the center of political, economic, and social life. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>His military campaigns and extractions from merchants threatened trade-based prosperity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Books (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By allowing conquered territories to maintain their rulers as long as they recognized the manikongo and paid tribute. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It reinforced patrilineal lines, as manikongo elites embraced Christianity and adopted Portuguese names, aligning themselves with Portuguese nobles and solidifying their political power. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The empire heavily depended on royal slaves and skilled craftsmen for economic and administrative functions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The southwest coast remaining unconquered and Ndongo resisting Kongo influence. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Status varied; some fierce warriors captured in battle could become officers, while others were royal advisors or skilled craftsmen. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They served as a currency that could be used to buy slaves from the foreign powers who sought them. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He initiated a program to liberate those who could prove they deserved their freedom. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Civil war and succession crises exacerbated by the heterogeneous nature of the empire (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ndongo emerged as a threat to Kongo, resisting its expansion and challenging its dominance in the region. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A series of rituals performed on national holidays, meant to celebrate Alfonso's success. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Europeans provided advanced military tactics, training, coordination, and weaponry to the Moroccan forces. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The lack of a clear and consistent system of succession for the manikongo. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dependence on the arquebus despite its flaws (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elite, well-trained troops armed with arquebuses and cannons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It resulted in a significant economic crisis, during which many freeborns, including princes and nobles, were sold into slavery. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He offered 100,000 gold pieces and 1,000 slaves to persuade them to leave. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They were used as soldiers, farmers etc, which supported Mwissikongo. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Judar Pasha (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He drove a herd of cattle toward the guns hoping the dust would provide cover. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Drought, famine, inflation, and internal revolts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A ruler known for establishing a merit-based government and efficient bureaucracy.

The new role introduced by Askia Muhammed for diplomatic correspondence.

An organized military commander in the Ghana Empire addressing unrest.

The title given to Askia's brother, second only to Askia, overseeing western provinces.

Cities like Timbuktu and Djenne had their own local governance within the empire.

A pope who did not respond to pleas for missionaries during his papacy.

Son of a king who ascended the throne due to military success despite his mother's background.

A dynastic house established by Pedro II, King of Kongo.

Faced an army from Angola, claiming kingship when he took the throne.

Public uprisings in Kongo against Portuguese during Pedro II's rule.

Garcia II, a skilled military leader, proclaimed himself king after evicting electors in Mbanza Kongo.

Dutch established plans to attack Luanda during Pedro II's reign with assistance from Bakengo.

Jesuits regarded Pedro II as a virtuous leader, supporting him against Portuguese influence.

Conflict where Garcia II defended against an assassination attempt by Alvaro V and succeeded.

Result of Pedro II's protests to Rome, leading to Sousa's disgrace and return of slaves to Brazil.

Ruler of the Songhay Empire from 1588 to 1591 who faced a Moroccan invasion.

The 1591 battle where Ishaq II's forces were defeated by Moroccan troops.

Invasion led by Sultan Ahmad al-Mansur Saadi in 1590 against the Songhay Empire.

Ruler from 1529 to 1531 who deposed Askia Muhammed in a bloodless coup.

The quick takeover by Askia Musa with minimal violence in 1529.

Ruler from 1531 to 1537 who succeeded Askia Musa and faced opposition.

Resistance against Askia Muhammed Benikan from one of his uncle's sons.

Military strategy adopted by Askia Muhammed, later opposed by Benikan.

The practice of capturing and selling Kongolese people as slaves, particularly to Brazilian traders.

A group established by King Alfonso to stop the slave trade, which ultimately failed.

Capital of the Kingdom of Kongo, strategically positioned with natural defenses.

The title held by the supreme ruler of the Kingdom of Kongo, with absolute authority.

Traditional lineage-based governance structure within Kongo society.

A governing body of 12 members that included relatives of the king, which elected the manikongo.

Process where provinces sent goods to the manikongo in exchange for protection.

Emerging rival to Kongo, known for its strong military and centralized state.

Problems in Kongo monarchy regarding the unclear line of succession leading to instability.

Embraced by Kongo elites, influencing power dynamics and aligning with Portuguese interests.

By the mid-17th century, slaves became vital for Kongo's economy and power structure.

Kongo developed alliances with European powers, facilitated by the slave trade.

Kongo engaged in conquests and conflicts to secure resources and territories.

Changes due to the slave trade that altered power dynamics and reliance structures.

Sonni Ali was a strong leader known for building and expanding the Songhay Empire.

Sonni Ali captured key cities like Djenne and Timbuktu, enhancing Songhay's power.

Sonni Ali’s military was strong due to elite cavalry and infantry.

Sonni Ali was brutal towards scholars, allegedly killing many.

The geography, including rivers and floodplains, shaped military campaigns and defenses.

Askia conducted jihads to convert animists and expand Islam’s influence.

Askia established an efficient bureaucracy with appointed ministers for various functions.

Sonni Ali blended Islam with local religions, impacting governance.

Gao was the central point for Songhay's administration, linking provinces.

Neighboring kingdoms like Timbuktu faced internal strife, making them susceptible to Songhay's expansion.

Djenne's strategic location and natural defenses were crucial in military operations.

Sonni Ali granted trade concessions to Europeans to prevent alliances with Mandinka.

Sonni Soulayman Dama was Sonni Ali’s predecessor, initiating Songhay's expansion.

The population of the Songhay Empire was around 70,000.

Tributes from trade tax, particularly gold, kola nuts, and slaves.

Timbuktu was pivotal in the gold trade and a hub for commerce.

A significant portion of the population consisted of slaves, often captured in battles.

Askia Dawud owned plantations staffed with 20-100 slaves for production.

Civil war and succession crises marked the decline of the Songhay Empire.

The Moroccan force was strengthened by European military tactics and weaponry.

Morocco's invasion force included trained soldiers, modern firearms, and cannons.

Ruled briefly from 1586-1588, faced tyranny accusations and internal revolt.

Slaves were used on village farms to meet food demands of the growing population.

The Moroccans used superior firearms and strategies to defeat Songhay forces.

After victory, Moroccans looted Gao and moved to richer cities.

A ruler during the succession crisis, faced internal challenges after Askia Dawud.