Werkloosheid: Tipes en Oorsake

Werkloosheid (Unemployment)

Definition

• Werkloosheid refers to the state of being without a paid job or employment
• It is a key economic indicator and a social issue

Types of Unemployment

• Frictional unemployment: temporary unemployment due to job transitions or new entrants to the labor market
• Structural unemployment: long-term unemployment due to changes in the economy, industry, or technology
• Cyclical unemployment: unemployment due to economic downturns or recessions
• Seasonal unemployment: unemployment due to seasonal fluctuations in demand

Causes of Unemployment

• Economic factors: recession, inflation, changes in global trade
• Demographic factors: changes in population, aging workforce, migration
• Technological factors: automation, AI, and job displacement
• Skills mismatch: lack of skills or education for available jobs

Effects of Unemployment

• Economic effects: decreased economic output, reduced consumer spending, increased poverty
• Social effects: increased crime, decreased mental and physical health, family and social relationships
• Psychological effects: decreased self-esteem, motivation, and overall well-being

Measurement of Unemployment

• Unemployment rate: percentage of the labor force that is currently unemployed
• Labor force participation rate: percentage of the population that is employed or actively looking for work
• Unemployment duration: length of time an individual remains unemployed

Policies to Address Unemployment

• Monetary policy: central banks can increase money supply or lower interest rates to stimulate economic growth
• Fiscal policy: governments can increase spending or cut taxes to boost economic activity
• Active labor market policies: training programs, job placement services, and education initiatives to improve employability

Werkloosheid (Unemployment)

Definisie

• Werkloosheid verwys na die toestand van sonder 'n betaalde werk of diens
• Dit is 'n sleutel ekonomiese aanwyser en 'n sosiale kwessie

Tipes van Werkloosheid

• Friksionele werkploosheid: tydelike werkploosheid weens werkomsette of nuwe intrekkers tot die arbeidsmark
• Strukturele werkploosheid: langtermyn werkploosheid weens veranderinge in die ekonomie, industrië of tegnologie
• Sikliese werkploosheid: werkploosheid weens ekonomiese terugslae of resessies
• Seisoenale werkploosheid: werkploosheid weens seisoenale fluktuaasies in vraag

Oorsake van Werkloosheid

• Ekonomiese faktore: resessie, inflasie, veranderinge in globale handel
• Demografiese faktore: veranderinge in bevolking, veroudering van die werkers, migrasie
• Tegnologiese faktore: outomatisering, AI en werkersverplaasbaarheid
• VaardigheidsMismatch: gebrek aan vaardighede of opvoeding vir beskikbare werke

Gevolge van Werkloosheid

• Ekonomiese gevolge: afname in ekonomiese uitset, verminderde konsumptiewe besteding, verhoging van armoede
• Sosiale gevolge: verhoging in misdaad, afname in sielkundige en fisiese gesondheid, gesin en sosiale verhoudings
• Sielkundige gevolge: afname in self-respek, motivasie en algemene welstand

Meting van Werkloosheid

• Werkloosheidsyfer: persentasie van die arbeidsmag wat tans werkploos is
• Arbeidsdeelnamekoers: persentasie van die bevolking wat werksaam is of aktief werksoek
• Werkloosheidsduur: lengte van tyd wat 'n individu werkploos bly

Beleide om Werkloosheid aan te spreek

• Monetêre beleid: sentrale banke kan geldvoor­siening verhoog of rentekoerse verlaag om ekonomiese groei te stimuleer
• Fiscale beleid: regerings kan uitgawes verhoog of belastings verminder om ekonomiese aktiwiteit te stimuleer
• Aktiewe arbeidsmarkbeleid: opleidingsprogramme, werkseskaderdienste en opvoedkundige inisiatiewe om werksaamheid te verbeter