Wellbeing and Lifestyle Statistics

Global Statistics and Trends

• If the world consisted of 100 people, 50% of the world's wealth would be held by 6 people, all living in the US.
• 80% of the world's population would live in substandard housing.
• 70% of the world's population would be unable to read.
• 50% of the world's population would suffer from malnutrition.
• Only 1 person would have a university education.

Demographic Projections

• By 2036, NZ will have 1.5 million people aged 65 years or older, which is 1 out of every 4 people.
• China will soon be the #1 English-speaking country in the world, followed by India.

Sport in New Zealand Society

• There are over 150,000 sports and recreation clubs in NZ, supported by 750,000 volunteers.
• The sport and recreation sector employs more than 50,000 people and contributes over $5.2 billion to GDP (2.8%).
• The total value of sport and recreation to NZ doubles to around $12.2 billion when including social and personal benefits.

Challenges of Studying Sport

• The "great sport myth" that sport is always good.
• Sport is not taken seriously as an area of study.
• Everyone thinks they are an expert in sport.
• The public does not like academic critique of sport.
• Resentment by those who are jealous of sport's popularity (e.g. art, dance, music, opera).

Defining Sport

• Sport is an embodied, structured, goal-oriented, competitive, contest-based, physical activity.
• Examples of new sports in the 2020 Tokyo Olympics include karate, softball, sport climbing, surfing, and skateboarding.
• Meier (1981) defines sport as games with goal-directed activity, accepted rules, institutionalization, and a required demonstration of physical skill and prowess.

Contested Terrain of Sport

• Dominant groups vs. resistance.
• Sport can be used as a tool of social influence, with historical and contemporary examples of both positive and negative uses.
• Examples of contradictions and complexity in sport, including moral, ethical, and legal issues.

Historical Struggles and Contradictions

• Women's sport: historical struggles and contradictions, including the idea that women's participation in sport could affect their fertility.
• Examples of cultural resistance through sport, including alternative/extreme sports.

Categories of Resistance through Sport

• Self-conscious political protests, such as using sport as a vehicle to protest wider social issues.
• Opposition to colonial rule, with examples of how sport has been used to resist domination.
• Cultural opposition/resistance, with examples of how sport has been used to challenge dominant values and authority.

Hegemony and Sport

• Hegemony is a form of power that operates through consent rather than coercion.
• Examples of how sport can be used to promote cultural and political ideas, including the Olympics and COVID-19.

Sport Science and Technology

• The origins of the treadmill, which was invented in 1818 as a form of punishment for prisoners.
• Early sport science, including the study of the physiological effects of caffeine, alcohol, cocaine, and strychnine.
• Critiques of sport science, including the idea that it can lead to a "sickness" of the body.

Sport Matters to Nations

• Health of citizens: sport is an important aspect of public health.
• Economy: hosting sports events can contribute to national branding.
• National identity: sport can be used to promote national pride and cohesion.
• Nation-state strength: sport can be used to demonstrate the success of a nation's political and ideological system.

Obesity Crisis

• The obesity crisis is a major global health issue, with 1.9 billion adults overweight and 605 million obese.
• The complexity of obesity, including the fact that diets generally do not work and that weight and health are not the same.
• Effects of the crisis, including the impact on children's health and well-being.

Sports Coaching

• Challenges facing contemporary coaches, including changes in the social context, athletes, and policies.
• The importance of cultural sensitivity and understanding in coaching.
• Examples of coaching challenges, including the need to balance the demands of different stakeholders.

The Future of Sport

• Predictions for the future of sport, including the rise of new technologies and the impact of climate change.
• The possibility of transhumanism, where humans merge with machines to enhance physical performance.
• The importance of considering the social and ethical implications of these developments.### Personality Traits in Motivation
• Motivation is a key personality factor in achieving success
• Two types of motivation:
  • Ms (Motive to Approach Success): pride in success
  • Maf (Motive to Avoid Failure): shame in failure
• Key personality factor: Ms - Maf
• High achievers: higher on Ms than Maf
• Higher on Maf than Ms: anxiety

Performance Anxiety

• Anxiety: perceived threat
• Defined by Martens (1977): "tendency to perceive competitive situations as threatening and to respond to these with feelings of apprehension and tension"
• Stress: perceived imbalance between demand and capabilities
  • Defined by McGrath (1970): "substantial imbalance between environmental demand (physical and/or psychological demands) and response capability, under conditions where failure to meet the demand has important consequences"
• Stress leads to state anxiety

Trait and State Anxiety

• Trait anxiety: predisposition to perceive competitive sport as threatening (stress) and to respond to this with levels of state anxiety
• State anxiety: current emotional state/mood characterized by feelings of apprehension and muscle tension; associated with negative affect (emotions, feelings)

Arousal-Performance Relationship

• Inverted U theory: performance increases in proportion to increases in arousal up to a certain point, then decreases
• Best/ideal performance results from optimal peak arousal
  • Flow experience: best performance
  • Under arousal: boredom/poor performance
  • Over arousal: "choking"
• Different sports have different optimal levels of arousal
  • Tasks requiring fine motor control (e.g. golf) require lower arousal
  • Tasks with higher strength (e.g. cycling) require higher levels of arousal

Physiological and Cognitive Effects of Over Arousal

• Physiological effects:
  • Decreased coordination - tight, jerky movements
  • Paralyzed by analysis - need to relax mind and body
• Cognitive effects:
  • Negative thoughts - worry about worrying
  • Lose self-confidence
  • Attention and concentration shift - tunnel vision, focus on important information is missed

Mental Skills Training (MST)

• Objective: help athletes manage arousal/state levels
• Two types of MST:
  • Clinical sport psych: assisting athletes with abnormal problems (e.g. anorexia, depression)
  • Educational sport psych: teaching practical skills to normal athletes in abnormal situations (e.g. competition pressure)

Sport for Development and Peace

• Definition: using sport as a means of meeting the goals and challenges of international development
• Primary purpose: using sport to improve or develop an existing social problem
• Sport for development programs can have a positive impact on society

Sport History

• 2002-06: Govt appointed taskforce advocates for more competitiveness and efficiency in sport delivery system
• 2002-06: New govt agency (SPARC, now Sport NZ) promises new funding approach because talent is not enough
• Targeted funding: rewarding the winners and punishing the losers
  • Effects:
    • Degrade into cream skimming and cherry picking
    • Affect player welfare, people are fearful of losing jobs, money, and status### Skin Pigmentation and Race
• Original ancestral configuration of humans was dark pigmentation, making lightly pigmented skin in Europe and Eastern Asia a mutation
• Skin colour changes quickly, and lightly pigmented people can emerge at different points in evolutionary history, making race distinctions based on skin colour nonsensical

The Complexity of the Pacific

• Pasifika or Pacific peoples refer to individuals or groups from the Pacific region, with each ethnic group having its own distinct culture, language, and protocols
• There are approximately 30,000 islands in the Pacific and over 1,200 languages spoken
• Pacific countries include Polynesia (1,000 islands, 6 countries), New Zealand, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, and Samoa

Sport and Pacific Athletes

• Sport is a way to integrate into the community, and Pacific athletes are overrepresented in certain sports, such as rugby and league
• Pacific athletes are often exploited as sporting mercenaries, with total focus on sport, low pay, and racial stereotypes
• Relocation and travel can be challenging for Pacific athletes, and government and sport organization corruption is a problem

Stereotypes and Challenges

• Stereotypes, such as the idea that Pacific people are naturally athletic, are prevalent and limiting
• Cultural safety requires consideration of personal biases and cultural background
• Rigid gender stereotypes and societal pressure can impact wellbeing

Sport, Globalisation, and the Economy

• The sport shoe industry has tripled in the last 10 years, worth $73 billion
• Globalisation has intensified economic, political, and social interactions, affecting local events
• The All Blacks have become a global brand, with Adidas as a major sponsor
• Adidas uses localisation strategies, such as the Rugby Academy and advertising campaigns, to fit into the New Zealand market

The All Blacks and Adidas

• Adidas partnered with the All Blacks in 1999, with a 5-year deal worth $75-100 million
• The partnership aims to increase brand value and provide premium products
• Adidas uses corporate nationalism, exploiting Maori branding and imagery, to promote products

Sport and the Environment

• Global warming and climate change are significant concerns
• Certain sports, such as golf, boat racing, and car racing, have a significant negative impact on the environment
• Sport mega-events can be detrimental to the environment and local societies
• The sports industry, including the production of sporting goods, contributes to carbon emissions and waste.