API-61

Questions and Answers

Where should the HAZ hardness impressions be located?

Entirely within the fusion boundary

Entirely within the base metal and close to the fusion boundary

Entirely within the weld metal and close to the fusion boundary

Entirely within the heat-affected zone and close to the fusion boundary (correct)

What are the requirements for impact energy values of repair weld specimens?

Maximum average and minimum individual values shall not be less than specified for qualification of the production weld

There are no specific requirements for impact energy values

Minimum average and minimum individual values shall be less than specified for qualification of the production weld

Minimum average and minimum individual values shall not be less than specified for qualification of the production weld (correct)

Who should make the repair weld?

A mechanical engineer

A welding inspector

A qualified welder experienced in methods used for repair of a defective weld (correct)

An unqualified welder with basic welding knowledge

What are the qualifications required for a repair welder?

Qualified according to the requirements of 6.2 or 6.3 in addition to the requirements of the repair section Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula to determine the minimum distance between the source and object in radiographic testing procedures for welds?

$D = \frac{St}{k}$ Signup and view all the answers

What must IQIs conform to in radiographic testing procedures for welds?

ASTM E747 or ISO 19232-1 wire IQI Signup and view all the answers

What should the selection of IQIs be based on in radiographic testing procedures for welds?

Series of wires arranged by increasing diameter Signup and view all the answers

Who can interpret production weld images in radiographic testing procedures?

Only Level II or III radiographers Signup and view all the answers

What must radiographers do if defects are observed in the images of welds?

Report defects to the company unless instructed otherwise Signup and view all the answers

What is the exposure geometry evaluated at for in-motion imaging in radiographic testing procedures for welds?

Maximum scanning speed Signup and view all the answers

What material should IQIs be made of in radiographic testing procedures for welds?

Radiographically similar material to the welded material Signup and view all the answers

What does the symbol 'D' represent in the formula $D = \frac{St}{k}$?

Minimum distance between source and object Signup and view all the answers

What standard should IQIs conform to in radiographic testing procedures for welds?

ASTM E747 Signup and view all the answers

What is the requirement for interpreting production weld images in radiographic testing procedures?

Level II or III radiographers Signup and view all the answers

What factor determines the minimum distance between source and object in radiographic testing procedures for welds?

Geometric unsharpness factor Signup and view all the answers

What do radiographers need to do with observed defects in images of welds?

Report defects to the company unless instructed otherwise Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum length of repair weld required for necessary deposit for destructive testing?

8 in. (203 mm) Signup and view all the answers

Under what conditions may a single completed weld qualify more than one type of repair?

If the repair types are for different service types Signup and view all the answers

What happens if a welder fails the qualification test?

They are permitted to retest Signup and view all the answers

What is required if essential variables are changed for repair welders?

Requalification is required Signup and view all the answers

How are repaired areas required to be inspected and evaluated?

By the same NDT methods previously used to determine a defect Signup and view all the answers

What is the specific requirement for radiographic test methods?

Establishment and recording of a detailed procedure for the production of images Signup and view all the answers

What is the specific maximum hardness values provided for?

Different welding processes and service types Signup and view all the answers

What type of testing is required for repair welds?

Visual examination and destructive testing Signup and view all the answers

Who must supervise the repairs according to the text?

An experienced individual Signup and view all the answers

What must be recorded and maintained regarding repair welder qualification?

Details of repair welder qualification and complete results of the qualification test Signup and view all the answers

What is the requirement for the segment on which the repair weld is deposited?

It must be a full-circumference test weld Signup and view all the answers

What is the specific requirement for the length of repair weld for necessary deposit for destructive testing?

8 in. (203 mm) Signup and view all the answers

What is responsible for evaluating whether the weld meets the requirements of Section 9?

The radiographer Signup and view all the answers

How should unexposed films be stored?

In a clean, dry place Signup and view all the answers

What must be established and agreed upon by the company and the NDT contractor for magnetic particle testing?

Detailed written procedures Signup and view all the answers

What is required for film viewing equipment?

Capability of viewing film densities within the specified range Signup and view all the answers

How long should film or other imaging media be ensured interpretability for, if requested by the company?

At least three years after production Signup and view all the answers

Who is responsible for the protection and monitoring of individuals working with or near radiation sources?

The radiographer Signup and view all the answers

What must be agreed upon by the company and the ultrasonic contractor for ultrasonic testing of new and/or in-service circumferential butt welds?

A detailed procedure Signup and view all the answers

What should film viewing facilities provide to avoid reflections, shadows, or glare on the radiograph?

Subdued background lighting Signup and view all the answers

What must be established and agreed upon by the company and the NDT contractor for liquid penetrant testing?

Detailed written procedures Signup and view all the answers

What should film density requirements for both transparent-based and opaque-based films have?

Corresponding minimum and maximum density limits Signup and view all the answers

What must the image processing area and accessories be kept as at all times?

Clean Signup and view all the answers

What should be prevented during interpretation by film viewing equipment?

Light interference Signup and view all the answers

What must be agreed upon by the company and the radiographic contractor before production radiography?

The details of each radiographic procedure Signup and view all the answers

How many exposures are required for radiographic testing of a complete weld when the radiographic source is outside but not more than 1/2 in. from the weld surface?

Three exposures Signup and view all the answers

What procedure may be used when the OD of the piping containing the weld is 3.500 in. or less?

Destructive Weld Evaluation (DWE) Signup and view all the answers

What should be done when smaller diameter, thicker wall pipe is radiographed?

Make additional exposures to minimize distortion Signup and view all the answers

What is included in the film radiography procedure?

Film, exposure conditions, and processing Signup and view all the answers

What is required in the procedure for radiography using imaging media other than film?

Image collection and processing systems Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum number of exposures required for radiographic testing of a complete weld when the radiographic source is outside and more than 1/2 in. from the weld surface?

Four exposures Signup and view all the answers

What is the frequency of use of radiographic testing determined by?

The option of the company Signup and view all the answers

What must the radiographic testing procedures be compatible with?

Acceptance standards Signup and view all the answers

What is the requirement for evaluating images in radiographic testing procedures?

Acceptable image quality, prescribed IQI, and wire diameter, and satisfactory identification system Signup and view all the answers

What is the requirement for radiographic testing procedures using X-rays and gamma rays?

Equal criteria for image evaluation Signup and view all the answers

What is the responsibility of the company and the radiographic contractor in radiographic testing procedures?

Agreeing on procedures prior to production radiography Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Radiographic Inspection and NDT Methods in Welding

The radiographer is responsible for evaluating whether the weld meets the requirements of Section 9, while the company determines the final disposition of the weld.
Images used for inspection must be clearly identified with lead numbers, letters, markers, or other identification methods, as per the company's specification.
Unexposed films should be stored in a clean, dry place, and if their condition is in question, a test film should be processed to check for fog.
Film density requirements for both transparent-based and opaque-based films are specified, with corresponding minimum and maximum density limits.
Film viewing equipment must be capable of viewing film densities within the specified range and should prevent light interference during interpretation.
Viewing facilities should provide subdued background lighting to avoid reflections, shadows, or glare on the radiograph.
Film or other imaging media should be processed, handled, and stored in a way that ensures interpretability for at least three years after production, if requested by the company.
The image processing area and accessories must be kept clean at all times.
The radiographer is responsible for the protection and monitoring of individuals working with or near radiation sources, complying with applicable regulations.
For magnetic particle testing and liquid penetrant testing, detailed written procedures meeting specific standards (ASTM E709 for magnetic particle testing and ASTM E165 for liquid penetrant testing) must be established and agreed upon by the company and the NDT contractor.
Ultrasonic testing for inspection of new and/or in-service circumferential butt welds requires a detailed procedure, agreed upon by the company and the ultrasonic contractor, to produce acceptable and accurate results for production testing.
The use of ultrasonic testing and the scope of its use shall be at the option of the company, with the company requiring the ultrasonic contractor to use approved procedures for production testing.

Radiographic Testing Procedures for Pipeline Welds

Criteria for evaluating images include acceptable image quality, prescribed IQI and wire diameter, satisfactory identification system, acceptable technique and setup, and compatibility with acceptance standards
All requirements for image quality apply equally to X-rays and gamma rays
Use of radiographic testing and its frequency is at the option of the company
The company and the radiographic contractor must agree on procedures prior to production radiography
Details of each radiographic procedure must be recorded and furnished to the company
Film radiography procedure must include radiation source, intensifying screens, film, exposure geometry, exposure conditions, processing, materials, IQIs, and heat shields
Procedure for radiography using imaging media other than film must include radiation source, image collection and processing systems, exposure geometry, exposure conditions, materials, IQIs, and heat shields
When a radiographic source is centered in the pipe for exposing a butt weld, one exposure is adequate for radiographic testing of the complete weld
When the radiographic source is outside but not more than 1/2 in. from the weld surface, at least three exposures separated by 120° shall be made for radiographic testing of a complete weld
When the radiographic source is outside and more than 1/2 in. from the weld surface, at least four exposures separated by 90° shall be made for radiographic testing of a complete weld
When the OD of the piping containing the weld is 3.500 in. or less, a DWE/DWV procedure may be used
When smaller diameter, thicker wall pipe is radiographed, additional exposures should be made to minimize the distortion of imperfection images at the ends of the radiographs

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Test your knowledge of radiographic inspection and non-destructive testing (NDT) methods in welding with this quiz. Explore topics such as radiographic testing procedures for pipeline welds, image evaluation criteria, film processing and storage requirements, and detailed procedures for magnetic particle testing, liquid penetrant testing, and ultrasonic testing.