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Questions and Answers
What does the Actor-Observer Bias primarily involve?
What does the Actor-Observer Bias primarily involve?
- Judging the actions of others based on a cultural standard.
- Overestimating the internal traits of outgroup members while underestimating those of ingroup members.
- Attributing others' behaviors to external factors while attributing one's own behaviors to internal factors. (correct)
- Believing that one's personal behavior is less typical than it actually is.
Which of the following best describes the False Consensus Effect?
Which of the following best describes the False Consensus Effect?
- Believing that people with similar opinions are often less numerous than they really are.
- The belief that one's opinions and actions are typical compared to others. (correct)
- Assuming that similar behaviors are seen more often than they truly are.
- The tendency to overestimate the differences between one's own culture and that of others.
What is a characteristic of Ethnocentrism?
What is a characteristic of Ethnocentrism?
- Promoting cultural diversity and acceptance.
- Believing that all cultures should be evaluated equally.
- Recognizing the inherent value in all cultural practices.
- Evaluating another culture based on the standards of one's own culture. (correct)
How do individuals typically attribute ingroup and outgroup behaviors according to intergroup attribution?
How do individuals typically attribute ingroup and outgroup behaviors according to intergroup attribution?
Which statement reflects the cultural differences in self-serving bias as noted in the content?
Which statement reflects the cultural differences in self-serving bias as noted in the content?
How do individual differences affect consistency in behavior across situations?
How do individual differences affect consistency in behavior across situations?
What is an example of how habits can influence behavior and attitudes?
What is an example of how habits can influence behavior and attitudes?
Which factor is a moderator variable that can influence both situational and personality effects on behavior?
Which factor is a moderator variable that can influence both situational and personality effects on behavior?
What role does cognitive bias play in attitudes towards alcohol availability?
What role does cognitive bias play in attitudes towards alcohol availability?
What is suggested about individuals who score in the middle of a personality scale?
What is suggested about individuals who score in the middle of a personality scale?
What does the term 'Locus of Control' refer to in attribution theory?
What does the term 'Locus of Control' refer to in attribution theory?
In Weiner's Attribution Theory, what is meant by 'Stability'?
In Weiner's Attribution Theory, what is meant by 'Stability'?
Which of the following statements best describes the Correspondence Bias?
Which of the following statements best describes the Correspondence Bias?
The Fundamental Attribution Error suggests that people tend to:
The Fundamental Attribution Error suggests that people tend to:
What impact does 'Differential Forgetting' have on behavior attribution?
What impact does 'Differential Forgetting' have on behavior attribution?
What is a common attribution pattern observed in Caucasians regarding success and failure?
What is a common attribution pattern observed in Caucasians regarding success and failure?
Which linguistic factor complicates the description of situational causes in English?
Which linguistic factor complicates the description of situational causes in English?
How do attribution patterns differ between Western and Hindu Indian children?
How do attribution patterns differ between Western and Hindu Indian children?
Which effect suggests that the first or last person you interact with has a stronger impact on your memory?
Which effect suggests that the first or last person you interact with has a stronger impact on your memory?
What do implicit personality theories primarily involve?
What do implicit personality theories primarily involve?
Which of the following is an example of a self-schema?
Which of the following is an example of a self-schema?
What role do schemas play in social cognition?
What role do schemas play in social cognition?
Why are negative impressions often recalled more strongly than positive ones?
Why are negative impressions often recalled more strongly than positive ones?
Which concept describes how we weigh different traits when forming impressions?
Which concept describes how we weigh different traits when forming impressions?
What is one characteristic of a self-schema?
What is one characteristic of a self-schema?
Which term refers to the tendency to remember the first and last pieces of information best?
Which term refers to the tendency to remember the first and last pieces of information best?
What is an example of a scripted social behavior?
What is an example of a scripted social behavior?
In social research, what is the primary goal of not providing all information to participants?
In social research, what is the primary goal of not providing all information to participants?
Which of the following is NOT considered a part of implicit personality theory?
Which of the following is NOT considered a part of implicit personality theory?
Which trait is included in the list of schematic traits that shape self-image?
Which trait is included in the list of schematic traits that shape self-image?
What does the term cognitive algebra refer to in the context of forming impressions?
What does the term cognitive algebra refer to in the context of forming impressions?
What can be inferred from instrumental conditioning?
What can be inferred from instrumental conditioning?
How do parents typically influence a child's attitudes?
How do parents typically influence a child's attitudes?
What role does observational learning play in attitude formation?
What role does observational learning play in attitude formation?
What is self-perception theory primarily concerned with?
What is self-perception theory primarily concerned with?
What is one effect of mass media on attitudes?
What is one effect of mass media on attitudes?
How do values interact with attitudes?
How do values interact with attitudes?
What does populism as an ideology primarily promote?
What does populism as an ideology primarily promote?
Which framework addresses the relationship between ideologies and everyday thinking?
Which framework addresses the relationship between ideologies and everyday thinking?
What is a common way in which social representations influence attitudes?
What is a common way in which social representations influence attitudes?
What can help predict behaviors according to value theory?
What can help predict behaviors according to value theory?
Which of the following is a major influence on attitude change during childhood?
Which of the following is a major influence on attitude change during childhood?
What is the significance of values when making choices?
What is the significance of values when making choices?
What concept describes how social interactions shape shared understanding?
What concept describes how social interactions shape shared understanding?
What does terror management theory propose regarding ideology?
What does terror management theory propose regarding ideology?
Study Notes
Weiner's Attribution Theory
- Examines how people explain the causes of their own and others' behavior
- Locus of Control: Internal (actor's responsibility) vs External (situation's responsibility)
- Stability: Stable (consistent) vs Unstable (fluctuating)
- Controllability: Controllable (actor can change) vs Uncontrollable (actor has no influence)
- Research found that Caucasians may attribute success to internal factors and failure to external factors, while Asians may attribute success to external factors and failure to internal factors.
Correspondence Bias
- Tendency to overestimate the role of dispositional factors (personality traits, attitudes) in explaining someone's behavior
- Fundamental Attribution Error: Overemphasizing internal factors when explaining someone else's behavior while underestimating the influence of situational factors.
Reasons for Correspondence Bias
- Focus of Attention: We pay more attention to the actor's actions than the surrounding context.
- Differential Forgetting: Situational factors are more easily forgotten than dispositional factors.
- Linguistic Factors: English language is more readily describes actions and actors, making it harder to describe situations.
Actor-Observer Bias
- Attributing others' behavior to internal factors but our own behavior to external factors.
False Consensus Effect
- Tendency to overestimate how common our own beliefs and behaviors are.
Ultimate Attribution Error
- Attributing negative outgroup behavior to dispositional factors and positive ingroup behavior to dispositional factors. This helps maintain unfavorable stereotypes of outgroups.
Intergroup Attribution
- Attributing behavior based on group membership
- Ingroup: Positive events attributed to internal factors, negative events attributed to external factors.
- Outgroup: Positive events attributed to external factors, negative events attributed to internal factors.
Ethnocentrism
- Belief that one's own culture is superior to others.
Group Differences in Attribution
- Majority of people with mental illnesses show less self-serving bias, with people with depression exhibiting the least.
Cultural Differences
- Asian samples show less self-serving bias than US or Western samples.
Individual Differences
- Consistency: People consistent in their personality traits are more likely to behave consistently across situations.
- Habit: Habits can influence the link between attitudes and behavior.
- Mood: Mood can act as a situational or personality variable, affecting how people behave.
- Cognitive Bias: Expectations can influence behavior, even if those expectations are inaccurate.
Instrumental Conditioning
- Behavior followed by positive consequences is reinforced and repeated. Conversely, behavior followed by negative consequences is less likely to be repeated.
Observational Learning
- Learning by observing others' behaviors and outcomes.
Cognitive Development
- Attitude formation is a cognitive process, involving connections between thoughts and beliefs.
- Self-Perception Theory: Inferences about our own attitudes are based on our own behavior.
- Availability Heuristic: When forming attitudes, people often rely on the most readily available information.
Sources of Learning
- Parents and Peers: Early life influences from parents and peers are significant, including through instrumental conditioning, observational learning, and classical conditioning.
- Mass Media and Internet: Have strong influence on attitude formation, especially for weakly held attitudes. People use the internet to reinforce their existing attitudes rather than change them.
Concepts Related to Attitudes
- Values: Guiding principles in life.
- Terminal Values: Desired end states (e.g., equality, freedom).
- Instrumental Values: Means for achieving terminal values (e.g., honesty, ambition).
- Ideology: Integrated system of beliefs that explains the world.
- Populism: Ideology that emphasizes the will of one's group against perceived threats from outsiders.
- Social Representation: Shared understandings of the world formed through social interaction.
Measuring Attitudes
- Attitude Scales: Instruments to assess attitudes, can be explicit (measured directly) or implicit (measured indirectly).
Biases in Forming Impressions
- Implicit Personality Theories: Assumptions about how different traits tend to coexist in people.
- Primacy Effect: First impressions make a stronger impact than later information.
- Recency Effect: The most recent information leaves a stronger impression.
- Positive/Negative Information: Negative information tends to carry more weight in forming impressions.
Cognitive Algebra
- A model for how people combine different pieces of information to form an overall impression. It assigns weights to different pieces of information.
Social Cognition
- Schemas: Mental structures that organize our knowledge and guide our understanding of the social world.
- Self Schemas: Cognitive generalizations about ourselves derived from past experiences.
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Description
Explore the intricacies of Weiner's Attribution Theory, which delves into how individuals explain the causes of behavior through locus of control, stability, and controllability. Additionally, examine correspondence bias, particularly the tendency to overestimate dispositional factors in the behavior of others. This quiz will enhance your understanding of these psychological concepts and their cultural implications.
