Weiner's Attribution Theory and Correspondence Bias
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Questions and Answers

What does the Actor-Observer Bias primarily involve?

  • Judging the actions of others based on a cultural standard.
  • Overestimating the internal traits of outgroup members while underestimating those of ingroup members.
  • Attributing others' behaviors to external factors while attributing one's own behaviors to internal factors. (correct)
  • Believing that one's personal behavior is less typical than it actually is.

    • Which of the following best describes the False Consensus Effect?

  • Believing that people with similar opinions are often less numerous than they really are.
  • The belief that one's opinions and actions are typical compared to others. (correct)
  • Assuming that similar behaviors are seen more often than they truly are.
  • The tendency to overestimate the differences between one's own culture and that of others.

    • What is a characteristic of Ethnocentrism?

  • Promoting cultural diversity and acceptance.
  • Believing that all cultures should be evaluated equally.
  • Recognizing the inherent value in all cultural practices.
  • Evaluating another culture based on the standards of one's own culture. (correct)

    • How do individuals typically attribute ingroup and outgroup behaviors according to intergroup attribution?

    <p>Ingroup behavior is seen as a reflection of individual skill, while outgroup behavior is often attributed to situational factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement reflects the cultural differences in self-serving bias as noted in the content?

    <p>People with depression show significantly less self-serving bias than those without any psychopathology.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do individual differences affect consistency in behavior across situations?

    <p>Consistent answers on personality scales lead to more behavior consistency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of how habits can influence behavior and attitudes?

    <p>A habitual smoker continues smoking despite knowing the risks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is a moderator variable that can influence both situational and personality effects on behavior?

    <p>Mood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does cognitive bias play in attitudes towards alcohol availability?

    <p>It influences the expectation of alcohol's effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is suggested about individuals who score in the middle of a personality scale?

    <p>They demonstrate fluctuating behavior patterns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'Locus of Control' refer to in attribution theory?

    <p>Whether the cause of behavior is linked to the actor's internal traits or external circumstances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Weiner's Attribution Theory, what is meant by 'Stability'?

    <p>Whether an internal or external cause is consistent over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes the Correspondence Bias?

    <p>The inclination to attribute behaviors to dispositional factors while ignoring situational influences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Fundamental Attribution Error suggests that people tend to:

    <p>Acknowledge personality traits more than situational factors in evaluating others' actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does 'Differential Forgetting' have on behavior attribution?

    <p>It results in a shift towards dispositional explanations due to forgetfulness of situational causes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common attribution pattern observed in Caucasians regarding success and failure?

    <p>They attribute success to luck and failure to personal responsibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which linguistic factor complicates the description of situational causes in English?

    <p>The language tends to focus on dispositional descriptors, not situational descriptions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do attribution patterns differ between Western and Hindu Indian children?

    <p>Hindu Indian children do not learn dispositional explanations as they grow, unlike Western children</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which effect suggests that the first or last person you interact with has a stronger impact on your memory?

    <p>Primacy/Recency effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do implicit personality theories primarily involve?

    <p>Assumptions about personality characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a self-schema?

    <p>Thinking of oneself as warm and friendly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do schemas play in social cognition?

    <p>They simplify complex data into general narratives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are negative impressions often recalled more strongly than positive ones?

    <p>Because negative traits are more memorable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept describes how we weigh different traits when forming impressions?

    <p>Weighted average</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one characteristic of a self-schema?

    <p>It helps in organizing self-related information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the tendency to remember the first and last pieces of information best?

    <p>Primacy effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a scripted social behavior?

    <p>Conducting a formal job interview</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In social research, what is the primary goal of not providing all information to participants?

    <p>To foster a generous response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a part of implicit personality theory?

    <p>Formal psychological assessments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which trait is included in the list of schematic traits that shape self-image?

    <p>Intelligent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term cognitive algebra refer to in the context of forming impressions?

    <p>Calculating an average score from traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be inferred from instrumental conditioning?

    <p>Behaviors followed by positive outcomes are more likely to be repeated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do parents typically influence a child's attitudes?

    <p>Through various learning methods including modeling and conditioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does observational learning play in attitude formation?

    <p>It involves learning new responses through observation of others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is self-perception theory primarily concerned with?

    <p>Inferring our attitudes through observation of our own behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one effect of mass media on attitudes?

    <p>It can strongly influence attitudes, especially weakly held ones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do values interact with attitudes?

    <p>Specific attitudes are often framed by wider sets of values</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does populism as an ideology primarily promote?

    <p>Messianic leadership and in-group identity protection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which framework addresses the relationship between ideologies and everyday thinking?

    <p>Ideological dilemmas theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common way in which social representations influence attitudes?

    <p>Given the shared beliefs of a community and social interactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can help predict behaviors according to value theory?

    <p>Specific target behaviors matching values</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a major influence on attitude change during childhood?

    <p>Exposure to diverse cultural perspectives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of values when making choices?

    <p>They influence decisions but aren't enough to predict specific actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept describes how social interactions shape shared understanding?

    <p>Social representation theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does terror management theory propose regarding ideology?

    <p>Ideologies buffer against fear of death and the unknown</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Weiner's Attribution Theory

    • Examines how people explain the causes of their own and others' behavior
    • Locus of Control: Internal (actor's responsibility) vs External (situation's responsibility)
    • Stability: Stable (consistent) vs Unstable (fluctuating)
    • Controllability: Controllable (actor can change) vs Uncontrollable (actor has no influence)
    • Research found that Caucasians may attribute success to internal factors and failure to external factors, while Asians may attribute success to external factors and failure to internal factors.

    Correspondence Bias

    • Tendency to overestimate the role of dispositional factors (personality traits, attitudes) in explaining someone's behavior
    • Fundamental Attribution Error: Overemphasizing internal factors when explaining someone else's behavior while underestimating the influence of situational factors.

    Reasons for Correspondence Bias

    • Focus of Attention: We pay more attention to the actor's actions than the surrounding context.
    • Differential Forgetting: Situational factors are more easily forgotten than dispositional factors.
    • Linguistic Factors: English language is more readily describes actions and actors, making it harder to describe situations.

    Actor-Observer Bias

    • Attributing others' behavior to internal factors but our own behavior to external factors.

    False Consensus Effect

    • Tendency to overestimate how common our own beliefs and behaviors are.

    Ultimate Attribution Error

    • Attributing negative outgroup behavior to dispositional factors and positive ingroup behavior to dispositional factors. This helps maintain unfavorable stereotypes of outgroups.

    Intergroup Attribution

    • Attributing behavior based on group membership
    • Ingroup: Positive events attributed to internal factors, negative events attributed to external factors.
    • Outgroup: Positive events attributed to external factors, negative events attributed to internal factors.

    Ethnocentrism

    • Belief that one's own culture is superior to others.

    Group Differences in Attribution

    • Majority of people with mental illnesses show less self-serving bias, with people with depression exhibiting the least.

    Cultural Differences

    • Asian samples show less self-serving bias than US or Western samples.

    Individual Differences

    • Consistency: People consistent in their personality traits are more likely to behave consistently across situations.
    • Habit: Habits can influence the link between attitudes and behavior.
    • Mood: Mood can act as a situational or personality variable, affecting how people behave.
    • Cognitive Bias: Expectations can influence behavior, even if those expectations are inaccurate.

    Instrumental Conditioning

    • Behavior followed by positive consequences is reinforced and repeated. Conversely, behavior followed by negative consequences is less likely to be repeated.

    Observational Learning

    • Learning by observing others' behaviors and outcomes.

    Cognitive Development

    • Attitude formation is a cognitive process, involving connections between thoughts and beliefs.
    • Self-Perception Theory: Inferences about our own attitudes are based on our own behavior.
    • Availability Heuristic: When forming attitudes, people often rely on the most readily available information.

    Sources of Learning

    • Parents and Peers: Early life influences from parents and peers are significant, including through instrumental conditioning, observational learning, and classical conditioning.
    • Mass Media and Internet: Have strong influence on attitude formation, especially for weakly held attitudes. People use the internet to reinforce their existing attitudes rather than change them.
    • Values: Guiding principles in life.
    • Terminal Values: Desired end states (e.g., equality, freedom).
    • Instrumental Values: Means for achieving terminal values (e.g., honesty, ambition).
    • Ideology: Integrated system of beliefs that explains the world.
    • Populism: Ideology that emphasizes the will of one's group against perceived threats from outsiders.
    • Social Representation: Shared understandings of the world formed through social interaction.

    Measuring Attitudes

    • Attitude Scales: Instruments to assess attitudes, can be explicit (measured directly) or implicit (measured indirectly).

    Biases in Forming Impressions

    • Implicit Personality Theories: Assumptions about how different traits tend to coexist in people.
    • Primacy Effect: First impressions make a stronger impact than later information.
    • Recency Effect: The most recent information leaves a stronger impression.
    • Positive/Negative Information: Negative information tends to carry more weight in forming impressions.

    Cognitive Algebra

    • A model for how people combine different pieces of information to form an overall impression. It assigns weights to different pieces of information.

    Social Cognition

    • Schemas: Mental structures that organize our knowledge and guide our understanding of the social world.
    • Self Schemas: Cognitive generalizations about ourselves derived from past experiences.

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    Social Inference & Attribution Theories PDF

    Description

    Explore the intricacies of Weiner's Attribution Theory, which delves into how individuals explain the causes of behavior through locus of control, stability, and controllability. Additionally, examine correspondence bias, particularly the tendency to overestimate dispositional factors in the behavior of others. This quiz will enhance your understanding of these psychological concepts and their cultural implications.

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