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Rates of obesity in the US tripled for adults from 1980-2018.
Rates of obesity in the US tripled for adults from 1980-2018.
False
Maintaining weight means consuming the same number of calories that you burn through daily activity.
Maintaining weight means consuming the same number of calories that you burn through daily activity.
True
Approximately two-thirds of adults in the US are affected by obesity.
Approximately two-thirds of adults in the US are affected by obesity.
False
Genetics can influence a person's metabolism and body composition.
Genetics can influence a person's metabolism and body composition.
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Gaining weight means eating more calories than you burn.
Gaining weight means eating more calories than you burn.
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Seven out of 10 adults in the US are affected by overweight.
Seven out of 10 adults in the US are affected by overweight.
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Losing weight means you consume more calories than you burn.
Losing weight means you consume more calories than you burn.
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Social, psychological, and cultural factors do not influence a person's weight.
Social, psychological, and cultural factors do not influence a person's weight.
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BMI calculation is an accurate method for everyone in assessing weight status.
BMI calculation is an accurate method for everyone in assessing weight status.
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Obesity is defined as body weight that is too low compared with others of the same sex and age.
Obesity is defined as body weight that is too low compared with others of the same sex and age.
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The 95th percentile is used as an indicator for overweight status in the BMI-for-age percentiles.
The 95th percentile is used as an indicator for overweight status in the BMI-for-age percentiles.
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Healthy weight is represented in the BMI-for-age percentiles diagram.
Healthy weight is represented in the BMI-for-age percentiles diagram.
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The BMI-for-age percentiles are the same for both males and females.
The BMI-for-age percentiles are the same for both males and females.
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Genetic factors predict about 40-70 percent of a person's body mass index (BMI).
Genetic factors predict about 40-70 percent of a person's body mass index (BMI).
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Leptin is a hormone that makes you feel hungry.
Leptin is a hormone that makes you feel hungry.
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The hormone ghrelin makes you feel full.
The hormone ghrelin makes you feel full.
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Adopted children's weights are more similar to their biological parents than their adoptive parents.
Adopted children's weights are more similar to their biological parents than their adoptive parents.
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A person with a high metabolism burns fewer calories each day.
A person with a high metabolism burns fewer calories each day.
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Maintaining weight requires a balance between calories consumed and calories burned.
Maintaining weight requires a balance between calories consumed and calories burned.
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Consuming more calories than the body burns leads to weight loss.
Consuming more calories than the body burns leads to weight loss.
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Burning more calories than consumed results in losing weight.
Burning more calories than consumed results in losing weight.
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Researchers have identified 32 genes that may influence weight.
Researchers have identified 32 genes that may influence weight.
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The BMIs of identical twins are very different regardless of their upbringing.
The BMIs of identical twins are very different regardless of their upbringing.
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Comparing your weight to another person's weight is a good way to determine your ideal weight.
Comparing your weight to another person's weight is a good way to determine your ideal weight.
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Several factors impacting the ideal weight for your body include age, height, sex, and body composition.
Several factors impacting the ideal weight for your body include age, height, sex, and body composition.
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Weight is assessed the same way for children, teens, and adults.
Weight is assessed the same way for children, teens, and adults.
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Females generally have a higher body-fat percentage than males to support their role in reproduction.
Females generally have a higher body-fat percentage than males to support their role in reproduction.
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BMI is calculated differently for children and adults.
BMI is calculated differently for children and adults.
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Body mass index (BMI) is a tool used to assess an individual's weight status.
Body mass index (BMI) is a tool used to assess an individual's weight status.
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To calculate BMI using pounds and inches, you do not need to multiply by 703.
To calculate BMI using pounds and inches, you do not need to multiply by 703.
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Body composition is one of the approaches used to identify healthy weight ranges.
Body composition is one of the approaches used to identify healthy weight ranges.
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Whole30 involves eating meat, seafood, fruits, vegetables, and avoiding added sugars.
Whole30 involves eating meat, seafood, fruits, vegetables, and avoiding added sugars.
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A keto diet is high in carbohydrates and low in fats.
A keto diet is high in carbohydrates and low in fats.
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The South Beach diet causes blurred vision and dizziness.
The South Beach diet causes blurred vision and dizziness.
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The Atkins diet emphasizes high carbohydrate intake.
The Atkins diet emphasizes high carbohydrate intake.
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Paleo and pegan diets limit beans, grains, and dairy.
Paleo and pegan diets limit beans, grains, and dairy.
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The Zone diet schedules meals at set times throughout the day.
The Zone diet schedules meals at set times throughout the day.
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Eating mindfully means focusing on the food you consume.
Eating mindfully means focusing on the food you consume.
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Appreciating your food before eating is a part of mindful eating.
Appreciating your food before eating is a part of mindful eating.
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Maintaining weight requires a permanent change in eating and physical activity habits.
Maintaining weight requires a permanent change in eating and physical activity habits.
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To gain weight, you must consume fewer calories than you burn.
To gain weight, you must consume fewer calories than you burn.
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Setting short-term goals regarding eating and physical activity is an effective strategy for weight management.
Setting short-term goals regarding eating and physical activity is an effective strategy for weight management.
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Effective weight-loss techniques focus on losing 5-10 pounds per week.
Effective weight-loss techniques focus on losing 5-10 pounds per week.
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Fad diets often restrict certain types of food groups.
Fad diets often restrict certain types of food groups.
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Using diuretics is a healthy and effective long-term strategy for weight loss.
Using diuretics is a healthy and effective long-term strategy for weight loss.
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Most people regain about one-third of any weight lost within one year after participating in weight-loss programs.
Most people regain about one-third of any weight lost within one year after participating in weight-loss programs.
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Gradual weight gain techniques should aim for 2-3 pounds per week.
Gradual weight gain techniques should aim for 2-3 pounds per week.
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Appetite suppressants increase levels of chemicals in the brain that affect mood and appetite.
Appetite suppressants increase levels of chemicals in the brain that affect mood and appetite.
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People in the US spend an estimated $33 billion each year on weight-loss programs and products.
People in the US spend an estimated $33 billion each year on weight-loss programs and products.
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On 7/3/2017, the dinner included macaroni & cheese.
On 7/3/2017, the dinner included macaroni & cheese.
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Water was consumed for breakfast on 7/4/2017.
Water was consumed for breakfast on 7/4/2017.
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Breakfast sandwiches were eaten for breakfast on both 7/4/2017 and 7/5/2017.
Breakfast sandwiches were eaten for breakfast on both 7/4/2017 and 7/5/2017.
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Steak was consumed for dinner on 7/6/2017.
Steak was consumed for dinner on 7/6/2017.
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On 7/8/2017, no items were listed for breakfast.
On 7/8/2017, no items were listed for breakfast.
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Body composition is the ratio of fat, bone, and muscle in the body.
Body composition is the ratio of fat, bone, and muscle in the body.
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Athletes generally have higher body-fat percentages than nonathletes.
Athletes generally have higher body-fat percentages than nonathletes.
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Waist circumference can be used to measure excess abdominal fat.
Waist circumference can be used to measure excess abdominal fat.
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People who store fat around their chest and abdomen have apple-shaped figures.
People who store fat around their chest and abdomen have apple-shaped figures.
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Body-fat distribution is not as important to health as the amount of fat you have.
Body-fat distribution is not as important to health as the amount of fat you have.
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Waist-to-hip ratio is recommended for children and teens.
Waist-to-hip ratio is recommended for children and teens.
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A skinfold caliper measures the thickness of a fold of fat on the body.
A skinfold caliper measures the thickness of a fold of fat on the body.
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A person submerged in water for body composition measurement is assessing body fat percentage based on density.
A person submerged in water for body composition measurement is assessing body fat percentage based on density.
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Air pressure changes in an egg-shaped chamber can be used to estimate body fat percentage.
Air pressure changes in an egg-shaped chamber can be used to estimate body fat percentage.
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The main factors influencing the choice of body composition measurement method are reliability, time, and distance.
The main factors influencing the choice of body composition measurement method are reliability, time, and distance.
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Spending many hours watching TV or playing video games can lead to overweight or obesity.
Spending many hours watching TV or playing video games can lead to overweight or obesity.
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Watching TV while eating makes individuals more aware of their food intake.
Watching TV while eating makes individuals more aware of their food intake.
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Changing your thoughts about eating and weight can help improve your eating habits.
Changing your thoughts about eating and weight can help improve your eating habits.
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A strict diet is necessary for weight loss success.
A strict diet is necessary for weight loss success.
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Gaining weight should be a rapid process to achieve desired body image quickly.
Gaining weight should be a rapid process to achieve desired body image quickly.
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Support from family and friends can make lifestyle changes easier.
Support from family and friends can make lifestyle changes easier.
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Watching TV for an hour increases food intake by about 13%.
Watching TV for an hour increases food intake by about 13%.
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Stopping all unhealthy food at once is the best way to improve eating habits.
Stopping all unhealthy food at once is the best way to improve eating habits.
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Underweight individuals are more likely to develop skin, hair, or teeth conditions.
Underweight individuals are more likely to develop skin, hair, or teeth conditions.
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Osteoporosis is a condition associated with overweight and obesity.
Osteoporosis is a condition associated with overweight and obesity.
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Overweight or obesity can lead to respiratory, sleep, and joint conditions.
Overweight or obesity can lead to respiratory, sleep, and joint conditions.
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Type 2 diabetes mellitus is commonly associated with underweight individuals.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is commonly associated with underweight individuals.
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Exposure to US culture increases the risk of obesity among immigrants.
Exposure to US culture increases the risk of obesity among immigrants.
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To avoid health risks associated with weight, it is important to consume fewer calories than you burn.
To avoid health risks associated with weight, it is important to consume fewer calories than you burn.
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Overweight and obesity are linked to an increased risk of several types of cancer.
Overweight and obesity are linked to an increased risk of several types of cancer.
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Underweight individuals are more likely to feel energized and healthy.
Underweight individuals are more likely to feel energized and healthy.
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Study Notes
Managing Your Weight
Factors Influencing Weight
- Genetics: 32 genes identified that may influence weight, including body mass index (BMI) and metabolism
- Social, psychological, cultural, and socioeconomic factors also influence weight
- Eating patterns: foods eaten regularly can impact weight, especially calories consumed vs. burned
Genetics and Metabolism
- Genetic makeup influences metabolism and body composition
- Certain genes may influence hunger and fullness feelings, such as leptin and ghrelin
- Metabolism: rate at which body uses energy to carry out basic physiological processes
Eating Patterns and Physical Activity
- Calorie balance: energy in (calories consumed) vs. energy out (calories burned) affects weight
- Maintaining weight: energy in = energy out
- Gaining weight: energy in > energy out
- Losing weight: energy in < energy out
Healthy Weight Ranges
- Ideal weight: weight at which body is healthy, influenced by age, height, sex, and body composition
- Body mass index (BMI): tool for assessing weight status, calculated by weight in pounds / (height in inches)^2 x 703
Body Composition
- Ratio of fat, bone, and muscle that make up body weight
- Influenced by genetics, eating patterns, and physical activity
- Body composition is important for weight, e.g. muscular person may weigh more than others due to higher muscle mass
Measuring Body Composition
- Skinfold caliper: measures thickness of fat folds in body
- Electrodes: measure body's response to small electrical current
- X-ray: measures overall fat in body and separate regions
- Air displacement: estimates body fat percentage based on body density
Healthy Weight-Management Strategies
- Set realistic goals: short-term, achievable goals for eating and physical activity
- Avoid unhealthy strategies: fad diets, appetite suppressants, and diuretics
- Eat mindfully: pay attention to food, appreciate, and savor
- Keep a food diary: track food intake to identify patterns and make changes
Avoiding Unhealthy Strategies
- Fad diets: restrict certain food groups, often expensive, and lead to muscle loss and nutritional deficits
- Appetite suppressants: trick body into thinking it's not hungry, but can lead to serious side effects
- Diuretics: help body dispose of salt and water, but can lead to serious side effects and nutritional deficits
Mindful Eating
- Appreciate food: think about work that went into bringing food to table
- Portion out snacks: instead of eating straight from bag or box
- Take small bites: savor flavors and textures
- Chew thoroughly: really taste food
- Put utensils down: between bites, fully swallow food
Making Healthy Choices
- Limit screen time: watching TV, playing video games, and scrolling through social media can lead to overeating and weight gain
- Change your thoughts: focus on increasing self-esteem and establishing a positive body image
- Avoid all or nothing approach: set realistic goals and gradually work towards achieving them
- Enlist support: having a supportive group can help with weight management### Underweight
- Inadequate nutrient intake can lead to skin, hair, or teeth conditions.
- Underweight individuals may experience fatigue and weakened immune systems, making them more prone to illnesses.
- Females who are underweight may develop osteoporosis and irregular menstrual periods.
Overweight/Obesity
- Overweight or obesity increases the risk of cardiovascular disease.
- It also raises the risk of developing hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and liver and gallbladder disease.
- Overweight and obesity are associated with increased risk of certain cancers, including breast, colon, kidney, pancreas, cervix, and prostate cancers.
- Type 2 diabetes mellitus, a condition characterized by improper blood glucose management, is a common health consequence of overweight and obesity.
- Overweight and obese individuals are more likely to experience respiratory, sleep, and joint conditions, and may have fertility issues.
Cultural Factors and Obesity
- The US has a high prevalence of fast-food restaurants serving inexpensive, high-calorie foods with large portion sizes, contributing to high obesity rates.
- Immigrants who move to the US tend to gain weight over time, with obesity rates increasing from 8% after less than one year to 19% after 15 or more years of living in the US.
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Description
Learn about the factors that influence weight, measuring and determining weight, and healthy strategies for weight loss and gain.
