Weight Loss Methods: Safe vs. Unsafe
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Questions and Answers

What percentage of American adults reported trying to lose excess body fat in a 2016 survey?

42%

What is a common characteristic of fad diets?

Temporary weight loss, followed by regain of lost weight when prior habits are resumed

Why do many people who are overweight or obese seek quick fixes to lose weight?

Because they want to lose weight quickly, rather than accepting slow but steady weight loss

What is a common misconception about weight-loss diets?

<p>That they are a temporary change in eating habits</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of people reported using fad diets, liquid diets, or diet foods as weight-loss tools?

<p>1 to 5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a more effective approach to weight loss, according to the text?

<p>Slow but steady weight loss, achieved through a combination of healthy eating habits and regular exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of commercial weight-loss programs with good track records?

<p>They encourage successful weight loss and maintenance</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important for individuals to recognize that it took months and probably years to gain excess fat?

<p>So they may be more likely to accept slow but steady weight loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason people regain weight after following fad diets?

<p>because they return to their former eating habits that contributed to their original overweight or obese conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of fad diets that leads to boredom and monotony?

<p>restricting food variety</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do low-carbohydrate diets often produce rapid weight loss initially?

<p>because the body loses water due to the reduction in body glycogen content</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key indicator of a fad diet?

<p>offering a quick fix without calorie restriction and increased physical activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do fad diets that eliminate an entire food group lead to nutritional imbalances?

<p>because they restrict essential nutrients and food varieties</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the body's stored glycogen when carbohydrate intake is low?

<p>the body produces less glycogen and uses stored glycogen to supply glucose for energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common requirement of fad diets that is not supported by scientific evidence?

<p>specific rituals, such as eating only fruit for breakfast or limiting the time when you can eat</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do people who follow low-carbohydrate diets tend to eat less?

<p>because of the lack of variety in their food selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the excess water in the body when glycogen content is reduced?

<p>the kidneys eliminate the excess water in urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between fad diets and a healthy weight loss approach?

<p>a healthy approach emphasizes the need to change eating habits and physical activity patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common feature of weight-loss product ads that should raise skepticism?

<p>Claims that promise quick and easy weight loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why should consumers be cautious of ads claiming no need to change dietary patterns or physical activity?

<p>Because principles of energy balance do not support such claims</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a red flag in weight-loss product ads claiming permanent weight loss?

<p>Long-term weight loss is difficult to achieve without calorie reduction and regular exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why should consumers be wary of 'scientifically proven' or 'doctor-endorsed' claims in weight-loss product ads?

<p>Most ads do not provide information about testing sites or journals where the results were published</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the limitation of money-back guarantees in weight-loss product ads?

<p>A product does not necessarily work just because it is guaranteed</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why should consumers be skeptical of 'safe' or 'natural' claims in weight-loss product ads?

<p>Weight-loss supplement manufacturers usually have little scientific evidence to support safety claims</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the limitation of testimonials from satisfied customers in weight-loss product ads?

<p>Testimonials generally provide little reliable information about what consumers can expect from using the product</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common tactic used in weight-loss product ads to support claims of effectiveness?

<p>Before-and-after photos of 'satisfied' customers</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why should consumers be cautious of weight-loss products that claim to be 'proven 100% safe'?

<p>Despite such assurances, weight-loss supplement manufacturers usually have little scientific evidence to support safety claims</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common feature of weight-loss product ads that targets consumers who have lost weight but gained it back?

<p>Claims that promise permanent weight loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

What visual cues are used in 'before' and 'after' photos to create a more dramatic weight loss illusion?

<p>Poor posture, no smile, unkempt hair, and unfashionable clothing in the 'before' photo, and good posture, smiling, and attractive appearance in the 'after' photo.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of marketing practices were deemed unfair and deceptive by the FTC in a 2017 lawsuit?

<p>Claiming that a weight-loss program can result in 20-40 pounds of weight loss in 40 days without a calorie-restricted diet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is often found in small print at the bottom of 'after' photos in weight-loss advertisements?

<p>Disclaimers, such as 'results not typical'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the 2017 lawsuit against the developers and promoters of a nationally marketed weight-loss program?

<p>The promoters agreed to stop selling their weight-loss products and program using unfair and deceptive marketing practices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the implication of the FTC's lawsuit against the weight-loss program?

<p>The claims made by the program were false or not supported by scientific evidence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can individuals do to avoid falling for fad diets and unfair marketing practices?

<p>Read between the lines, check for scientific evidence, and be skeptical of exaggerated claims.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common reason why people may get bored with a diet that consists of grains, fruits, and vegetables?

<p>Eating them repeatedly and without fat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do registered dietitian nutritionists not recommend any dietary supplement for weight loss?

<p>Because these products have not been scientifically tested in humans for safety and effectiveness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was banned by the FDA in 2004 due to reports of serious side effects and deaths?

<p>Dietary supplements containing ephedra or ephedra-related compounds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential side effect of taking bitter orange as a weight-loss supplement?

<p>Chest pain and increased blood pressure and heart rate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential risk associated with taking conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) as a weight-loss supplement?

<p>Gastrointestinal upset.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential side effect of taking garcinia cambogia as a weight-loss supplement?

<p>Headache, nausea, and gastrointestinal discomfort.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential risk associated with taking glucomannan as a weight-loss supplement?

<p>Tablet forms can block the esophagus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential side effect of taking green tea extracts as a weight-loss supplement?

<p>Severe liver damage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are yohimbe-based supplements not recommended for weight loss?

<p>They can cause serious negative health effects, including hypertension and rapid heart rate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the general consensus among medical experts regarding dietary supplements for weight loss?

<p>Medical experts do not recommend any dietary supplement for weight loss.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of foods are considered 'healthy carbs' and why?

<p>Foods that are rich in dietary fiber, such as whole grains, beans, and whole fruits and vegetables, are considered 'healthy carbs' because they are digested slowly, which may promote satiety.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the association between high-density lipoprotein levels and serum triglyceride levels with the risk of CVD?

<p>Increased high-density lipoprotein levels and decreased serum triglyceride levels are associated with lower risk of CVD.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key factor for losing weight, particularly excess body fat, according to registered dietitian nutritionists?

<p>Continuous energy reduction is the key factor for losing weight, particularly excess body fat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is intermittent fasting (IF), and how does it limit calorie intake?

<p>Intermittent fasting (IF) is an alternative weight-loss method that limits calorie intake by featuring a cyclic pattern of consuming solid foods as desired and then avoiding most or all foods (fasting) over a consistent period.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the findings of the meta-analysis on the effectiveness of IF for losing weight?

<p>The meta-analysis found that IF is not better for losing weight than a control diet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the benefits of IF beyond weight loss, according to medical research?

<p>IF appeared to help people maintain lean body mass, lower BMI, reduce insulin resistance, and improve blood glucose control.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are very-low-fat diets, and what percentage of calories do they supply from fat?

<p>Very-low-fat diets are very-high-carbohydrate diets that supply approximately 5 to 10% of calories from fat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are very-low-fat diets difficult to follow for the long term?

<p>Very-low-fat diets are difficult to follow for the long term because they eliminate many foods that are usually high on people's favorite foods lists, and fat contributes to the flavor and texture of foods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the dropout rate of subjects in the IF group in one study, and what does this indicate?

<p>The dropout rate of subjects in the IF group in one study was almost 40%, which indicates that the plan may be too difficult for people to follow for long periods.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who should consult with a physician before using IF, and why?

<p>People who want to use IF should consult with a physician to determine whether they are in good health and can safely use IF.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Unreliable Weight-Loss Methods

  • Characteristics of fad diets:
    • Quick fix; promises rapid weight loss without calorie restriction and increased physical activity
    • Nutritionally imbalanced; limits food selections from a few food groups, eliminates an entire food group, and may dictate specific rituals
    • Requires buying a book or various gimmicks, such as expensive dietary supplements, weight-loss patches, or cellulite-reducing creams
    • Uses outlandish and unscientific claims to support its usefulness
    • Relies on testimonials from famous people or connects the diet to trendy places
    • Does not emphasize the need to change eating habits and physical activity patterns
  • Examples of fad diets:
    • Cabbage soup and grapefruit diets; promotes eating single foods
    • Low-carbohydrate diets; often produce rapid weight loss initially due to water loss, but may lead to boredom and monotony
  • Low-carbohydrate diets:
    • Typically produce rapid weight loss initially due to water loss
    • May lead to boredom and monotony
    • Not all forms of carbohydrate are unhealthy; foods rich in dietary fiber, such as whole grains, beans, and whole fruits and vegetables, are considered sources of "healthy carbs"
  • Intermittent fasting (IF):
    • Gaining popularity as an alternative weight-loss method
    • Typically features a cyclic pattern of consuming solid foods as desired and then avoiding most or all foods over a consistent period
    • May help individuals maintain lean body mass, lower BMI, reduce insulin resistance, and improve blood glucose control, but may not be superior to a control diet for losing weight
  • Very-low-fat diets:
    • Very-high-carbohydrate diets
    • Supply approximately 5-10% of calories from fat and result in rapid weight loss when followed consistently
    • Examples include the Pritikin Diet and Dr. Dean Ornish's "Eat More, Weigh Less" diet plans
    • Difficult to follow for the long term due to lack of flavor and texture
  • Dietary supplements for weight loss:
    • Many are not scientifically tested in humans for safety and effectiveness
    • Registered dietitian nutritionists do not recommend any dietary supplement for weight loss
    • Table 10.7 presents science-based findings about popular weight-loss supplements, including their potential usefulness and safety concerns
  • Analyzing advertising hype for weight-loss supplements:
    • Be wary of claims that promise quick and easy weight loss
    • Typical claims to watch out for:
      • Rapid and extreme weight loss
      • No need to change dietary patterns or physical activity
      • Permanent weight loss
      • Scientifically proven or doctor endorsed
      • Money-back guarantee
      • Safe or natural
      • Supported by satisfied customers
      • Before-and-after photos

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Description

Identify characteristics of weight-reduction methods that are likely to be unsafe and unreliable. Learn about the strategies people use to lose weight and how to distinguish effective from ineffective methods.

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