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Questions and Answers
What is a significant challenge faced by Princess Margaret Hospital regarding patient treatment times?
What is a significant challenge faced by Princess Margaret Hospital regarding patient treatment times?
What ethical concern arises from distributing patients to less-demanded centers?
What ethical concern arises from distributing patients to less-demanded centers?
Which of the following is NOT a suggested strategy to address human resource shortages in healthcare?
Which of the following is NOT a suggested strategy to address human resource shortages in healthcare?
What does the utilization ratio (𝞺) represent in queue management?
What does the utilization ratio (𝞺) represent in queue management?
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Which queue management approach prioritizes critical patients ahead of others?
Which queue management approach prioritizes critical patients ahead of others?
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What year did the West Nile Virus outbreak raise concerns about mosquito bites and blood supply transmission?
What year did the West Nile Virus outbreak raise concerns about mosquito bites and blood supply transmission?
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Which of the following is NOT a principle emphasized by the precautionary principle?
Which of the following is NOT a principle emphasized by the precautionary principle?
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What type of evaluation focuses on cost differences when the efficacy of interventions is the same?
What type of evaluation focuses on cost differences when the efficacy of interventions is the same?
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Which disease is transmitted by ticks as a vector-borne disease?
Which disease is transmitted by ticks as a vector-borne disease?
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What framework involves identifying hazards and assessing toxicity and exposure levels?
What framework involves identifying hazards and assessing toxicity and exposure levels?
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Which report highlighted the importance of preparedness for new and emerging infectious diseases?
Which report highlighted the importance of preparedness for new and emerging infectious diseases?
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What component of environmental health is specifically focused on mitigating impacts for future generations?
What component of environmental health is specifically focused on mitigating impacts for future generations?
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What type of analysis includes both tangible and intangible costs and benefits?
What type of analysis includes both tangible and intangible costs and benefits?
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Study Notes
Week 9: The Bite of Blood Safety: Environmental Health II
- West Nile Virus Outbreak (2002): Concerns about mosquito bites and blood supply transmission prompted policy responses.
- Policy Responses:
- Nucleic acid amplification testing (NAT) introduced for screening.
- Emphasis on evidence, ethics (precautionary principle), cost-effectiveness, and federal-provincial collaboration.
- Environmental Health (WHO): Assessing and controlling environmental factors to protect current and future generations.
- Systems-based and ecological approaches to focus on risks and promote health-supportive environments.
- Emerging Infectious Diseases (Naylor Report, 2003):
- Examples of diseases like Ebola (1977), West Nile Virus (2002), and COVID-19 highlight the importance of disease preparedness.
- Vector-Borne Diseases (VBDs):
- Transmitted by infected arthropods, like mosquitoes and ticks.
- Examples of VBDs include West Nile Virus, Zika, and Lyme disease.
- Precautionary Principle: Act to prevent harm, even in the face of scientific uncertainty. Emphasizes proportionality, non-discrimination, and consistent measures.
- Risk Management Framework:
- Risk Assessment: Identifies hazards, toxicities, and exposure levels to characterize risks.
- Risk Management: Evaluating regulatory options, implementing actions (remediation, communication), or making policy changes.
- Failure Modes & Effects Analysis (FMEA): Identifying failure modes, causes, and consequences to determine criticality and risk levels.
- Economic Evaluation in Policy:
- Comparative analysis: Comparing costs and consequences of interventions to determine the best option.
- Cost-Minimization, Cost-Effectiveness, Cost-Utility, Cost-Benefit: different types of evaluation frameworks based on the nature of the impact.
Week 10: What to Do With the Queue?
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Case Study: Princess Margaret Hospital (PMH), Toronto, faced radiotherapy wait list issues.
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Key Challenges:
- Specialist shortages (therapists, oncologists, physicists).
- Significant wait times (over 8 weeks for 20% of patients, nearly 50% waited over 8 weeks).
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Policy Issues: Wait list management, ethical rationing, and human resource planning.
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Framing the Problem:
- Distribution: Sending patients to less-demanded centers, raising ethical concerns.
- Human Resources (HHR): Staffing shortages, wages/work conditions, machine operation hours.
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Management: Strategies to coordinate wait times (e.g., establishing oversight bodies).
Week 11: Mandatory Gunshot Reporting
- Mandatory Gunshot Wounds Reporting Act (2005, Ontario): Hospital reporting of gunshot wound cases.
- Key Policy Issues: Balancing safety and patient privacy.
- Ethical physician-patient relationships.
- Expanding reporting to other violent injuries?
Week 12: MAID in 2024: A Rapidly Evolving Ethical Landscape
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Legal Cases:
- Rodriguez v. British Columbia (1993)
- Carter v. Canada (2015)
- Truchon v. Superior Court of Quebec (2019): Landmark cases and legal challenges regarding MAID legislation.
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Legislation: Bill C-14 (2016) established criteria for MAID, with subsequent amendments.
Week 13: Inching Toward Reform: Health Care Transformation
- Role of Reform: Primary care reform is needed for sustainable and high-performing healthcare systems.
- Care Settings: Primary care (home, clinics, health centres), Secondary and Tertiary/Quaternary care, Public Health, and Alternative/Complementary Care.
- Continuous and sustainable funding mechanisms for health care services are essential for the delivery of optimal care.
- Framework for care: From individual care to health care teams, patient needs and the need to address wait times and care quality.
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Description
This quiz covers the key topics from Week 9 on blood safety and environmental health. Learn about the West Nile Virus outbreak, policy responses, and the role of environmental factors in health. Dive into emerging infectious diseases and vector-borne diseases to understand the importance of disease preparedness.
