Week 7: Research and Program Evaluation

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Questions and Answers

What does the null hypothesis assume?

The effect observed in the data reflects a real effect

There is a difference between groups/variables/etc.

The sample has a strong positive correlation coefficient

There is no difference between groups/variables/etc. (correct)

What does the standard error of measurement (SEM) measure?

The variability of a person taking the same test several times (correct)

The accuracy of the test scores

The percentage of test scores falling within one standard deviation

The variability of test scores within a group

What does the range measure?

The variability of test scores within a group

The biggest number in the distribution

The smallest number in the distribution

The difference between the biggest and smallest numbers in the distribution (correct)

Which type of measurement scale has the highest level of measurement?

Ratio Signup and view all the answers

What does skew measure in a distribution?

The difference between mean and median Signup and view all the answers

What does a low standard error of measurement (SEM) indicate?

High score accuracy Signup and view all the answers

What does a strong positive correlation coefficient indicate?

As close to 1.00 as possible Signup and view all the answers

What does qualitative research aim to figure out?

How behaviors occur through observation Signup and view all the answers

Which type of sampling method involves grouping the samples and then randomly selecting from each group?

Stratified random sample Signup and view all the answers

What type of error occurs when the original hypothesis stated there was no difference in the variables, but the research showed there are differences, leading to the rejection of the null hypothesis?

Alpha error Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of factor analysis?

To reduce a lot of variables down to a smaller list of factors Signup and view all the answers

Which effect is defined as the placebo effect, where knowing you are in a study can skew the results?

Hawthorne Effect Signup and view all the answers

What type of variables are manipulated to create a desired outcome in an experiment?

Independent variables Signup and view all the answers

When a study blends similar study results to review the outcomes, what method is being used?

Meta analysis Signup and view all the answers

'The original hypothesis said there was no difference in the variables and the research proved it to be correct, so the null is accepted.' What type of error does this statement reflect?

Beta error Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Hypothesis and Measurement

The null hypothesis assumes that there is no significant difference or relationship between variables.
The standard error of measurement (SEM) measures the amount of random variation or error in a measurement.

Data Analysis

The range measures the difference between the highest and lowest values in a dataset.
Skew measures the asymmetry of a distribution, with a positive skew indicating that the distribution is asymmetrical to the right, and a negative skew indicating that the distribution is asymmetrical to the left.

Research Methods

A low standard error of measurement (SEM) indicates that the measurement is precise and reliable.
A strong positive correlation coefficient indicates that there is a strong relationship between two variables, with high values of one variable corresponding to high values of the other.
Qualitative research aims to gain a deeper understanding of a phenomenon, often through non-numerical data collection and analysis.

Sampling

Cluster sampling involves grouping the samples and then randomly selecting from each group.

Errors

Type I error occurs when the null hypothesis is rejected, but it is actually true, leading to a false conclusion that there is a difference between variables.
Type II error occurs when the null hypothesis is accepted, but it is actually false, leading to a false conclusion that there is no difference between variables.

Statistical Analysis

Factor analysis is a statistical method used to reduce a large number of variables to a smaller set of underlying factors.

Experimentation

Independent variables are manipulated to create a desired outcome in an experiment.

Research Synthesis

Meta-analysis is a method of blending similar study results to review the outcomes and draw more general conclusions.

Experimental Design

The Hawthorne effect is a phenomenon where knowing you are in a study can skew the results, due to changes in behavior or attitude caused by being part of the study.

Hypothesis Testing

Failing to reject the null hypothesis, or accepting the null hypothesis, means that there is no significant difference or relationship between variables, and the original hypothesis is supported.

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Description

Test your knowledge of common types of variables in research, including independent, dependent, and control variables, as well as different sampling methods such as simple random sample, stratified random sample, cluster sample, and systematic random sample.