Week 6, Chapter 2: Major Phrase Types in Syntax
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Questions and Answers

What is the study of rules which generate an infinite number of grammatical sentences?

Syntax

What are the basic units of syntax?

  • Words (correct)
  • Sentences
  • Phrases
  • Clauses

    • What is the largest constituent formed from words?

  • Clause
  • Phrase
  • Sentence (correct)
  • Word

    • Which of the following is NOT a criterion for classifying words into different lexical categories?

    <p>Phonetic properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs are the ______ lexical categories.

    <p>basic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of syntax?

    <p>Building a grammar that can generate an infinite set of well-formed, grammatical English sentences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following lexical categories with their abbreviations:

    <p>Determiners = Det Conjunctions = Conj Complementizers = C Auxiliary verbs = Aux Particles = Part</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Determiners determine the referential properties of the noun they precede.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of conjunctions in a sentence?

    <p>Coordinating words or phrases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What grammatical function do complementizers serve?

    <p>They introduce a complement clause.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Auxiliary verbs can be modal auxiliary verbs or non-modal auxiliary verbs.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Particles can occur before or after the object they modify.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following tests can be used to identify constituents in a sentence?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of a cleft construction?

    <p>Emphasize or focus on a particular element in the sentence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of constituent questions?

    <p>They typically focus on the subject of the sentence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Stand-Alone Test relies on the idea that a constituent can stand alone as a complete answer to a constituent question.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The substitution by a pronoun test relies on the idea that a constituent can be replaced by a pronoun.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Coordination tests check if two sentences can be joined by a conjunction, and if so, it indicates the presence of a constituent.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of phrase structure rules?

    <p>To generate an infinite number of grammatically correct sentences in a language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following abbreviated categories with their full names:

    <p>S = Sentence NP = Noun Phrase VP = Verb Phrase PP = Prepositional Phrase N = Noun V = Verb Aux = Auxiliary Verb Adj = Adjective Adv = Adverb Art = Article Det = Determiners Pro = Pronoun PN = Proper Noun</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the head element in a phrase?

    <p>It is the essential or obligatory element that defines the phrase's category.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between a minimal phrase and a maximal phrase?

    <p>A minimal phrase contains only the head and its complements while a maximal phrase includes both complements and modifiers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of complement?

    <p>Conjunctive complement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Modifiers are not selected by the verb.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a sentence, modifiers typically appear after complements.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The verb phrase in a sentence can be either a minimal phrase, a maximal phrase, or both.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a predicative complement?

    <p>She painted the wall blue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Head Feature Principle (HFP) states that every phrase shares the same part of speech (POS) value with its head.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a verb that requires a direct object?

    <p>He ate the apple.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of verb based on its complement requirements?

    <p>Declarative verb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In English grammar, a direct object is always affected by a verb's action.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The passivization process can be applied to both direct and indirect objects.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between objects and predicative complements?

    <p>Predicative complements do not passivize.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Predicative complements can only be NPs (Noun Phrases).

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Week 6, Chapter 2: From Words to Major Phrase Types

    • Syntax is the study of rules that generate an infinite number of grammatical sentences.
    • The basic units of syntax are words.
    • To form grammatical sentences, start with words (lexical categories).
    • These lexical categories form phrases, and phrases form clauses.
    • A clause is a complete sentence-like unit, but it can be part of a larger clause as a subordinate or adverbial clause.

    2.2.1 Determining the Lexical Categories for Words

    • Parts of speech, lexical categories, and grammatical categories are all synonymous with word class.
    • Words can be classified based on three criteria:
      • Meaning
      • Morphological form or properties
      • Syntactic function or distributional possibilities

    2.2.1 Determining the Lexical Categories for Words: Meaning

    • Nouns (N) refer to individuals or entities.
    • Verbs (V) refer to actions.
    • Adjectives (A) refer to properties.
    • Adverbs (Adv) refer to manner, location, time, or frequency of an action.
    • Not all words fit neatly into these categories based on meaning alone.

    2.2.1 Determining the Lexical Categories for Words: Morphological form or properties

    • Nouns often add the plural morpheme -(e)s.
    • Nouns take possessive forms ('s).
    • Verbs add -ed for past tense or 3rd singular -(e)s.

    2.2.1 Determining the Lexical Categories for Words: Syntactic function or distributional possibilities

    • The most reliable criterion for determining lexical categories is based on how words/phrases function and distribute within a sentence.

    2.2.1 Other Lexical Categories

    • Determiners (Det): the, a, this, that
    • Conjunctions (Conj): and, but, so, for, or, yet
    • Complementizers (C): that, for, if, whether
    • Auxiliary verbs (Aux): will, can, shall, must
    • Particles (Part): off, up

    2.3 Grammar with Lexical Categories

    • The goal of syntax is to build a grammar that can generate an infinite set of well-formed grammatical English sentences.
    • A grammar rule for a sentence (S): S → (Det) A* N V Det A* N (infinite). Example: The tall man kicked the ball.

    2.3 Grammar with Lexical Categories: Extended Grammar

    • Simple grammar can be extended to generate infinitely many sentences by allowing iteration (example: the tall, handsome man kicked the ball).
    • Structure of a sentence: phrases are formed by combining words.

    2.4 Phrasal Categories

    • Tests for demonstrating appropriate grouping of words/phrases into constituents (e.g., cleft constructions, constituent questions, substitution by a pronoun, coordination).

    2.5 Phrase Structure Rules (PS)

    • Sentence (S)
    • Noun Phrase (NP)
    • Verb Phrase (VP)
    • Prepositional Phrase (PP)
    • Nouns (N)
    • Verbs (V)
    • Adjectives (Adj)
    • Adverbs (Adv)
    • Articles (Art)
    • Determiners (Det)
    • Proper nouns (PN)
    • Auxiliary verbs (Aux)

    2.5 Phrase Structure Rules: Noun Phrase (NP)

    • An NP can include an optional determiner (Det), zero or more adjectives (A*), an obligatory noun (N), and an optional prepositional phrase (PP) or a modifying clause (S). Example: the new students who came from Seoul.

    2.5 Phrase Structure Rules (PS): Verb Phrase (VP)

    • A VP consists of an obligatory verb (V), an optional noun phrase (NP), and zero or more prepositional phrases (PP) or clauses (S). Example: warned us that storms were coming.

    2.5 Phrase Structure Rules (PS): Other Phrases

    • Adjective Phrase (AP): A (PP/VP/S).
    • Adverb Phrase (AdvP): (AdvP) Adv.
    • Prepositional Phrase (PP): P NP.

    2.6 Grammar with Phrases

    • Rules for combining NPs and VPs into sentences.
    • Recursive rules allow for the construction of increasingly complex sentences.

    2.6 Grammar with Phrases, Detailed Rules

    • S → NP VP
    • NP → (Det) A* N (PP/S)
    • VP → V (NP) (PP/S)
    • AP → A (PP/VP/S)
    • AdvP → (AdvP) Adv
    • PP → P NP

    3.1 Introduction

    • Syntactic categories (N, A, V, P, NP, VP, AP)
    • Grammatical functions (SUBJ, OBJ, PRED, MOD)
    • Semantic roles (Agent, Patient, Location, Instrument, etc.)

    3.2 Grammatical Functions: Subjects

    • The subject is typically the entity performing the action of a verb.
    • More reliable tests for subjecthood include agreement, tag questions, and subject-auxiliary inversion.

    3.2 Grammatical Functions: Objects (Direct and Indirect)

    • Direct object (DO): The noun phrase directly affected by the verb's action.
    • Indirect object (IO): The noun phrase that receives the direct object.

    3.2 Grammatical Functions: Predicate Complements

    • Predicative complements are phrases that follow a linking verb and describe the subject or object.

    3.4 Semantic Roles: Agent

    • The agent is the participant who performs the action.

    3.4 Semantic Roles: Patient

    • The patient is the participant who undergoes the action.

    3.4 Semantic Roles: Experiencer

    • The experiencer is aware of the event or sensation, Example: The students felt comfortable in the class

    3.4 Semantic Roles: Theme

    • The theme is the participant that is affected by the action, or undergoes a change in state or location, Examples: The student heard a strange sound.

    3.4 Semantic Roles: Benefactive

    • The benefactive is the participant who benefits from the action, Example: John made a doll for his son.

    3.4 Semantic Roles: Source and Location

    • The source is the location from which something moves, Example: John promised Bill to leave tomorrow morning
    • The location determines where the action or event occurs, Example: The children played under/near the hot sun.

    4.1 Head, Complements, and Modifiers: Head

    • The essential and obligatory element in a phrase.

    4.1 Head, Complements, and Modifiers: Complements

    • Required phrase elements that the head needs to combine with.

    4.1 Head, Complements, and Modifiers: Modifiers

    • Additional phrase elements not required for the meaning of the phrase.

    5.1 Subjects and Complements: Key Concepts

    • Review of grammatical functions and semantic roles.
    • Subjects and complements involved in sentence construction.

    6.1 Noun Phrases and Agreement: Types of Nouns

    • Common nouns, Proper nouns, Pronouns (personal, reflexive, relative, interrogative, indefinite), etc.
    • Countability (e.g., countable like 'books', uncountable like 'butter')

    6.1 Noun Phrases and Agreement: Combinatory Possibilities

    • How determiners combine with different types of noun phrases.
    • Agreement rules for number (singular/ plural)

    6.1 Noun Phrases and Agreement: Pronouns

    • Personal, reflexive, reciprocal pronouns.
    • Agreement in terms of number, person, and gender with their antecedents.

    6.1 Noun Phrases and Agreement: Proper Nouns

    • Unique entities and cannot take a plural form or determiners, except when referring to multiple instances of the same person/place

    8.1 Auxiliary Constructions: Auxiliary Verbs

    • Modal auxiliary verbs (will, shall, may, etc.)
    • Have/Be auxiliary verbs
    • Do auxiliary verbs
    • To non-finite, auxiliary verb

    8.1 Auxiliary Constructions: Overview of NICE Properties

    • Negation: Ability to add 'not'
    • Inversion in questions
    • Contractions (e.g., you'll)
    • Ellipsis or leaving out of repeated parts of a phrase

    8.1 Auxiliary Constructions: Ordering Restrictions

    • Order restrictions on auxiliary verbs in a string in sentence (e.g, be + en + past).

    8.1 Auxiliary Constructions: Transformational Analyses

    • Introducing the rule (11) Aux—-> tense (Modal) (have + en) (be + ing).
    • Affix hopping, do-support rules.

    Lexical Analysis

    • Review of lexical categories and their function.
    • Review of grammatical functions and semantic roles.
    • Summary of syntax issues and redundancy for simpler grammar rules.

    Passive Constructions

    • Passive sentences alter the subject and object role,
    • Passive verbs change the word order.
    • Passive involves a be-auxiliary followed by the past participle form of the main verb
    • Active and passive voice have the same semantic content but opposite roles.
    • Passive voices can be used to de-emphasize the subject or to emphasize a process.

    WH-Questions

    • Rules for forming questions with wh-words (who, what, etc.).
    • The wh-phrase must occupy the same syntactic category in the question as if it were in the original sentence.
    • Wh-questions are formed by inverting the subject and auxiliary verb.

    Indirect Questions

    • Indirect questions are questions embedded in a main clause as a complement.
    • They occur with verbs that take clauses as complements (e.g., ask, wonder, say, etc.).
    • When the content of the question is not a canonical clause, it will have a [QUE+] feature.

    Non-WH Indirect Questions

    • Indirect questions that do not use wh-words.
    • They serve as complements, using whether or if as a conjunction.

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    401 Final Week 6 Chapter 2: From Words to Major Phrase Types PDF

    Description

    Explore the fundamentals of syntax in this quiz focused on Chapter 2, which covers the transition from words to major phrase types. Understand the lexical categories, their meanings, and how they form phrases and clauses. Test your knowledge on the classification of words and their grammatical roles.

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