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Questions and Answers
Which structure acts as the primary pacemaker in the conduction system of the heart?
Which structure acts as the primary pacemaker in the conduction system of the heart?
What is the significance of the AV node in the heart's conduction system?
What is the significance of the AV node in the heart's conduction system?
What does increased preload indicate in relation to stroke volume?
What does increased preload indicate in relation to stroke volume?
Which artery primarily supplies the right ventricle?
Which artery primarily supplies the right ventricle?
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In which percentage of the population does the RCA supply the SA node?
In which percentage of the population does the RCA supply the SA node?
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What is the primary function of endothelial cells in the tunica intima?
What is the primary function of endothelial cells in the tunica intima?
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Which equation correctly represents the relationship between blood pressure, cardiac output, and total peripheral resistance?
Which equation correctly represents the relationship between blood pressure, cardiac output, and total peripheral resistance?
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What role does the RAAS system play in blood pressure regulation?
What role does the RAAS system play in blood pressure regulation?
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Which layer of blood vessels is primarily responsible for smooth muscle contraction and dilation?
Which layer of blood vessels is primarily responsible for smooth muscle contraction and dilation?
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What sequence accurately describes the baroreceptor reflex?
What sequence accurately describes the baroreceptor reflex?
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Study Notes
Week 1- Ischemic Heart Disease
- Ischemic heart disease is a condition where the heart muscle doesn't receive enough blood.
Basic Embryology of the Heart and Fetal Circulation
- Heart formation begins around day 18, from mesoderm.
- Two heart fields—primary and secondary—develop into the atria, left ventricles, and right ventricles.
- Day 21: Heart tube formation.
- Specific sections: truncus arteriosus (aorta and pulmonary artery), bulbus cordis (right ventricle), primitive ventricle (left ventricle), and primitive atrium.
- The single heart tube folds and loops to form the heart's final shape.
- Heart chamber formation occurs during week 4.
Fetal Circulation
- Umbilical vein (80% oxygenated blood) carries blood from the placenta.
- Half of blood goes to fetal liver, other half goes to inferior vena cava via the ductus venosus.
- Blood empties into right atrium (RA).
- RA-LA (foramen ovale): directs oxygenated blood into the left side of the heart.
- LV-systemic circulation.
- Other portion of blood: pulmonary artery (PA) via ductus arteriosus.
- Blood returns to the fetus via umbilical arteries.
- After birth:
- Ductus venosus → ligamentum venosum
- Ductus arteriosus → ligamentum arteriosus
- Foramen ovale → fossa ovalis
Heart Structure & Characteristics
- Right atrium has a smooth wall and a crista terminalis.
- The sinus venosus is an embryonic remnant.
- The sinoatrial (SA) node is located near the superior vena cava (SVC).
- The atrioventricular (AV) node is located near the tricuspid valve and is part of the heart's conduction system.
Week 2 - Ischemic Heart Disease
- Ischemic heart disease is a condition where the heart muscle doesn't receive enough blood causing angina. This is due to reduced oxygen supply to the myocardium.
- Angina can lead to myocardial infarction (MI) if blood flow and oxygen are severely restricted, leading to heart attack and cell death.
- Stable angina occurs in response to increased oxygen demand in the myocardium, often induced by physical exertion or stress.
- Unstable angina occurs unexpectedly, even at rest, and often signals a critical blockage requiring prompt medical intervention.
- Heart anatomy (right and left atria, ventricles, valves etc).
Week 3 - Hypertension and Vascular System
- Blood vessels consist of three layers: tunica intima (innermost layer), tunica media (middle layer), tunica externa/adventitia (outermost layer).
- Factors affecting blood flow and blood pressure include cardiac output (heart rate x stroke volume) and total peripheral resistance (TPR).
- Regulation of blood pressure is tightly controlled through the sympathetic nervous system, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), and antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
- Edema occurs due to increased hydrostatic pressure in the capillaries, forcing fluid into the tissues, or decreased oncotic pressure, preventing fluid reabsorption.
Week 4- Valvular Function
- Intra-cardiac pressures, normal vs abnormal.
- Heart sounds (S1 and S2) and murmurs (abnormal) indicate valve function.
- Valve defects: stenosis (narrowing) and regurgitation (leakage).
- Symptoms and diagnosis of valve defects, including murmurs.
Other Topics
- Coronary Artery Disease, Atherogenic process, coronary thrombosis, acute coronary syndromes.
- Pathophysiology of stable and unstable angina, symptoms and treatment of angina, diagnostic tests.
- Congenital heart defects, including atrial septal defect (ASD), ventricular septal defect (VSD), and tetralogy of Fallot.
- Pathophysiology of mitral valve prolapse, bicuspid aortic valve.
- Treatment of valvular diseases, including medication and surgical intervention.
- Other Cardiovascular diseases: Rheumatic fever, echocardiography, etc.
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Description
This quiz covers the basics of ischemic heart disease, focusing on its definition and characteristics. Additionally, it explores the embryological development of the heart and the fetal circulation process. Gain a better understanding of how these systems develop and function in early life.
