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Questions and Answers
What is the main difference between anatomy and physiology?
What is the main difference between anatomy and physiology?
The anatomical position requires the subject to stand facing away from the observer.
The anatomical position requires the subject to stand facing away from the observer.
False
Name one example of an anatomical region found in the appendicular group.
Name one example of an anatomical region found in the appendicular group.
Axillary, Brachial, Femoral, etc.
The __________ refers to the area towards the belly or front of the body.
The __________ refers to the area towards the belly or front of the body.
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Match the following directional terms with their meanings:
Match the following directional terms with their meanings:
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Which of the following is considered a body cavity?
Which of the following is considered a body cavity?
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The term 'proximal' refers to being farther from the point of attachment.
The term 'proximal' refers to being farther from the point of attachment.
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Identify the body region associated with the wrist.
Identify the body region associated with the wrist.
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The term __________ describes the position that is farther from the body surface.
The term __________ describes the position that is farther from the body surface.
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Which of the following directional terms means 'toward the tail'?
Which of the following directional terms means 'toward the tail'?
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Which type of bonding typically occurs between metals and nonmetals?
Which type of bonding typically occurs between metals and nonmetals?
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Covalent bonds always involve the transfer of electrons.
Covalent bonds always involve the transfer of electrons.
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What term describes a homogenous mixture of two or more substances where the components cannot be distinguished visually?
What term describes a homogenous mixture of two or more substances where the components cannot be distinguished visually?
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In a covalent bond where electrons are shared unequally, the bond is referred to as a ______ covalent bond.
In a covalent bond where electrons are shared unequally, the bond is referred to as a ______ covalent bond.
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Match the types of bonding with their characteristics:
Match the types of bonding with their characteristics:
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What is the component of a solution that is present in the smaller amount?
What is the component of a solution that is present in the smaller amount?
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Water exhibits both cohesion and adhesion properties.
Water exhibits both cohesion and adhesion properties.
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Name one property of water that allows it to dissolve many substances.
Name one property of water that allows it to dissolve many substances.
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Which of the following are examples of biomolecules?
Which of the following are examples of biomolecules?
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Monomers are large molecules made up of smaller subunits.
Monomers are large molecules made up of smaller subunits.
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What is the process called when monomers are joined together to form polymers?
What is the process called when monomers are joined together to form polymers?
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The breakdown of organic molecules, such as polymers, is called ______.
The breakdown of organic molecules, such as polymers, is called ______.
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Match the following carbohydrates with their classifications:
Match the following carbohydrates with their classifications:
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Which of the following is a primary function of carbohydrates?
Which of the following is a primary function of carbohydrates?
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Dehydration synthesis is a process that breaks down molecules by adding water.
Dehydration synthesis is a process that breaks down molecules by adding water.
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Give an example of a disaccharide formed from two monosaccharides.
Give an example of a disaccharide formed from two monosaccharides.
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Which of the following is NOT a component of DNA?
Which of the following is NOT a component of DNA?
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RNA is a double-stranded molecule like DNA.
RNA is a double-stranded molecule like DNA.
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What are the building blocks of proteins?
What are the building blocks of proteins?
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A ______ bond links amino acids together to form a protein.
A ______ bond links amino acids together to form a protein.
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Match the type of RNA to its function:
Match the type of RNA to its function:
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Which type of protein contains all essential amino acids?
Which type of protein contains all essential amino acids?
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All plant-based proteins are considered incomplete proteins.
All plant-based proteins are considered incomplete proteins.
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What are the two functional groups present in every amino acid?
What are the two functional groups present in every amino acid?
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What is a regulated variable?
What is a regulated variable?
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The control center has the ability to change the regulated variables directly.
The control center has the ability to change the regulated variables directly.
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What is the primary function of a sensor in a feedback mechanism?
What is the primary function of a sensor in a feedback mechanism?
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A variable that the system cannot change is called a _______.
A variable that the system cannot change is called a _______.
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Match the components of a feedback mechanism with their functions:
Match the components of a feedback mechanism with their functions:
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Which of the following describes negative feedback?
Which of the following describes negative feedback?
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Positive feedback mechanisms are more common than negative feedback mechanisms in homeostasis.
Positive feedback mechanisms are more common than negative feedback mechanisms in homeostasis.
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What is the role of the control center in a feedback mechanism?
What is the role of the control center in a feedback mechanism?
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Which organ system is primarily responsible for gas exchange in the body?
Which organ system is primarily responsible for gas exchange in the body?
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The lymphatic system plays a role in regulating blood volume.
The lymphatic system plays a role in regulating blood volume.
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Name one function of the muscular system.
Name one function of the muscular system.
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The __________ system regulates metabolism through the production of hormones.
The __________ system regulates metabolism through the production of hormones.
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Match the following organ systems with their primary functions:
Match the following organ systems with their primary functions:
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What mechanism allows the body to keep internal conditions stable?
What mechanism allows the body to keep internal conditions stable?
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What does the Law of Mass Balance state?
What does the Law of Mass Balance state?
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The digestive system is responsible for the synthesis of Vitamin D.
The digestive system is responsible for the synthesis of Vitamin D.
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Study Notes
Week 1 - Terminology and Anatomical Positions
- Anatomy is the study of body structure
- Physiology is the study of how body parts interact
- Structure and function are interconnected (e.g., red blood cells, pectus excavatum)
- Anatomical position: Subject stands erect, facing forward, arms at sides, palms forward, feet flat.
- Axial region: Core of the body (head, neck, chest, abdomen, pelvic, and back of the neck areas)
- Appendicular region: Limbs (upper and lower) - includes armpit, upper arm, elbow, forearm, wrist, palm, thumb and thigh, knee, leg, foot, and ankle.
Directional Terms
- Ventral: Toward the front/belly
- Dorsal: Toward the back/spine
- Anterior: Towards the front
- Posterior: Toward the back
- Cephalic: Towards the head
- Rostral: Towards the forehead/nose
- Caudal: Towards the tail/inferior end
- Superior: Above
- Inferior: Below
- Medial: Toward the midline
- Lateral: Away from the midline
- Proximal: Closer to the point of attachment
- Distal: Farther from the point of attachment
- Ipsilateral: On the same side of the body
- Contralateral: On opposite sides of the body
- Superficial: Closer to the body surface
- Deep: Farther from the body surface
C146 - Body Cavities, Planes, and Sections
- Body cavities compartmentalize organs for protection and change in shape/size.
- Dorsal cavity: Cranial (brain) and Vertebral (spinal cord)
- Thoracic cavity: Heart and lungs (pericardial and parietal cavities)
- Abdominopelvic cavity: Abdominal (stomach, intestines) and Pelvic (bladder, reproductive)
- Thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities are separated by the diaphragm.
Subdivisions of the Thoracic and Abdominopelvic Cavity
- Thoracic Cavity: Two pleural cavities (each containing a lung) and mediastinum (containing heart, trachea, esophagus). Pericardial cavity surrounds the heart.
- Abdominopelvic Cavity: Abdominal cavity contains stomach intestines, spleen, and liver (superior). Pelvic cavity contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum (inferior).
Four Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions
- Four quadrants: Right upper, left upper, right lower, and left lower.
- Nine regions: Right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar, right iliac, hypogastric, and left iliac.
Body Planes and Sections
- Body planes are imaginary lines dividing body parts into sections. Include transverse, frontal, and sagittal planes.
- Transverse plane: Horizontal plane, divides superior and inferior
- Frontal plane: Vertical plane, divides anterior and posterior
- Sagittal plane: Vertical plane, divides right and left, midsagittal plane is in the midline.
C147 - Overview of Organ Systems
- 11 organ systems work together to maintain homeostasis.
- Integumentary system: Protection, vitamin D synthesis, temperature regulation, excretion.
- Skeletal system: Support, protection, movement, blood cell production, calcium storage.
- Muscular system: Movement, posture, heat production.
- Lymphatic system: Fluid balance, immunity.
- Respiratory system: Gas exchange.
- Urinary system: Waste removal, blood pressure regulation.
- Nervous system: Coordination and control.
- Endocrine system: Hormone production and regulation.
- Cardiovascular system: Transport of materials.
- Digestive system: Nutrient breakdown and absorption.
- Reproductive systems: Reproduction.
Homeostasis
- Homeostasis: Internal environment remains stable despite external changes.
- Variables are regulated to maintain optimal conditions for cells, tissues, and organs.
- Homeostasis is regulated via both intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms.
- Law of Mass Balance: Body input equals body output.
- Variables; regulated or controlled.
- Controlled variable: Within a range (keep constant, typically).
- Set point: Acceptable range for a variable
- Components of Feedback Mechanisms: Sensor/receptors, control center (integration center), response.
Week 2 - Chemistry
C148 - Introduction to Atoms, Chemical Bonds, and Inorganic Compounds
- Elements cannot be broken down.
- Atoms are the smallest units of an element with the element's properties.
- Atoms comprise subatomic particles: protons (+1 charge), neutrons (0 charge), and electrons (-1 charge).
- Isotopes: Variations of an element with different neutron numbers.
- Ions: Atoms with different numbers of electrons (charged).
- Molecules: Atoms joined together.
- Bonds: Forces holding atoms together in molecules (e.g., ionic, covalent).
- Valence electrons: Outermost electrons involved in bonding.
Chemical Bonding
- Ionic bonds: Transfer of electrons between atoms.
- Covalent bonds: Sharing of electrons between atoms.
- Metallic bonds: Sharing of delocalized electrons within a metal.
Solution Terminology
- Mixture: Combination of substances that do not chemically combine.
- Homogeneous mixture (solution): Uniform composition; solute dispersed in solvent.
- Solute: Substance present in a smaller amount
- Solvent: Substance present in a larger amount in the solution.
Water and Salts
- Water is a powerful solvent due to polarity and hydrogen bonds.
- Cohesion: Attraction of water molecules to each other.
- Adhesion: Attraction of water to other substances.
Acids, Bases, and pH
- Acids: Donate H+ ions, lower pH (0-6.99)
- Bases: Accept H+ ions, higher pH (7.01-14)
- Neutral: pH 7 (water)
- pH scale measures H+ concentration.
- Buffers: Resist changes in pH.
C149 - Organic Chemistry
- Organic chemistry focuses on carbon-based molecules.
- Carbon's 4 valence electrons allow versatile bonding, forming diverse structures.
- Functional Groups: Specific groups of atoms attached to carbon that impart characteristic properties to organic molecules.
- Important functions of the functional groups: Solubility, reactivity, and consistency.
Organic Compound Classes and their Properties
- Hydrocarbon: hydrogen and carbon (insoluble).
- Alcohol: Hydroxyl group (-OH) (-OH is the functional group here, and it's important to recognize important functional groups)
- and others.
Week 2 continued - Biomolecules (Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids)
Carbohydrates
- Monosaccharides: Simple sugars (glucose, fructose, galactose).
- Disaccharides (maltose, sucrose, lactose): Two monosaccharides linked.
- Polysaccharides: Many monosaccharides linked (starch, glycogen, cellulose).
- Primary function: Energy source (cellular respiration).
Lipids
- Fatty acids: Long hydrocarbon chains with a carboxyl group.
- Triglycerides: Three fatty acids linked to glycerol.
- Steroids: Four-ring structure (cholesterol, hormones).
- Waxes: Fatty acid linked to alcohol.
- Function: Energy storage, insulation, cell membrane structure, hormones.
Proteins
- Proteins are polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
- Amino acids: Differ in side chain (R group).
- Structure (primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary) defines function.
- Functions: Enzymes, structural components, transport, hormones, immunity.
Nucleic Acids
- Nucleic acids store and transmit genetic information.
- DNA: Double helix, deoxyribose sugar, bases (A,T,G,C).
- RNA: Single strand, ribose sugar, bases (A,U,G,C).
- Functions: Genetic code storage and expression, cellular processes.
Week 3 - Nucleic Acids and Proteins continued.
- mRNA: gene code transfer out of nucleus.
- rRNA: protein building blocks.
- tRNA: transports amino acid blocks.
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Description
This quiz covers fundamental terminology and anatomical positions essential for understanding anatomy and physiology. Learn about various body regions, directional terms, and the anatomical position that serves as the foundation for describing human body structures. Test your knowledge of how body parts are interconnected and recognized in the field of anatomy.
