Week 1 - Anatomy Terminology
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Questions and Answers

What is the main difference between anatomy and physiology?

  • Physiology is more important than anatomy.
  • Anatomy focuses only on the arms and legs.
  • Anatomy studies body structure, while physiology studies functions. (correct)
  • Anatomy and physiology are identical in their focus.

The anatomical position requires the subject to stand facing away from the observer.

False (B)

Name one example of an anatomical region found in the appendicular group.

Axillary, Brachial, Femoral, etc.

The __________ refers to the area towards the belly or front of the body.

<p>ventral</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following directional terms with their meanings:

<p>Anterior = Toward the front Superior = Above Inferior = Below Medial = Toward the median plane</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a body cavity?

<p>Thoracic cavity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term 'proximal' refers to being farther from the point of attachment.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the body region associated with the wrist.

<p>Carpal</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term __________ describes the position that is farther from the body surface.

<p>deep</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following directional terms means 'toward the tail'?

<p>Caudal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bonding typically occurs between metals and nonmetals?

<p>Ionic bonding (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Covalent bonds always involve the transfer of electrons.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes a homogenous mixture of two or more substances where the components cannot be distinguished visually?

<p>solution</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a covalent bond where electrons are shared unequally, the bond is referred to as a ______ covalent bond.

<p>polar</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of bonding with their characteristics:

<p>Ionic bonding = Transfer of electrons between cations and anions Covalent bonding = Sharing of electrons between nonmetals Metallic bonding = Delocalized electrons among metal atoms Polar covalent bonding = Unequal sharing of electrons in a bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the component of a solution that is present in the smaller amount?

<p>Solute (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Water exhibits both cohesion and adhesion properties.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one property of water that allows it to dissolve many substances.

<p>water's polarity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are examples of biomolecules?

<p>All of the above (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Monomers are large molecules made up of smaller subunits.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called when monomers are joined together to form polymers?

<p>Polymerization</p> Signup and view all the answers

The breakdown of organic molecules, such as polymers, is called ______.

<p>Hydrolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following carbohydrates with their classifications:

<p>Glucose = Monosaccharide Sucrose = Disaccharide Starch = Polysaccharide</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary function of carbohydrates?

<p>Source of energy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dehydration synthesis is a process that breaks down molecules by adding water.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Give an example of a disaccharide formed from two monosaccharides.

<p>Sucrose (glucose + fructose)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of DNA?

<p>Ribose sugar (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

RNA is a double-stranded molecule like DNA.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the building blocks of proteins?

<p>Amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

A ______ bond links amino acids together to form a protein.

<p>peptide</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of RNA to its function:

<p>mRNA = Carries the genetic code from DNA to ribosomes tRNA = Transports amino acids to the ribosomes rRNA = Forms part of the ribosomes, the site of protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of protein contains all essential amino acids?

<p>Complete protein (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All plant-based proteins are considered incomplete proteins.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two functional groups present in every amino acid?

<p>Amino group (-NH2) and a carboxylic acid group (-COOH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a regulated variable?

<p>A variable that must be kept within an acceptable range (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The control center has the ability to change the regulated variables directly.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of a sensor in a feedback mechanism?

<p>To monitor and detect changes in the environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A variable that the system cannot change is called a _______.

<p>controlled variable</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the components of a feedback mechanism with their functions:

<p>Sensor = Monitors changes in the environment Control center = Processes information and determines the set point Target (Effector) = Carries out instructions and provides responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes negative feedback?

<p>Reduces or counterbalances the original stimulus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Positive feedback mechanisms are more common than negative feedback mechanisms in homeostasis.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the control center in a feedback mechanism?

<p>It determines the acceptable range and constructs responses to stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organ system is primarily responsible for gas exchange in the body?

<p>Respiratory system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The lymphatic system plays a role in regulating blood volume.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one function of the muscular system.

<p>Provides movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

The __________ system regulates metabolism through the production of hormones.

<p>endocrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following organ systems with their primary functions:

<p>Skeletal system = Provides structural support and protects internal organs Cardiovascular system = Transports gases and nutrients Urinary system = Eliminates waste and regulates blood pressure Nervous system = Controls other body systems and processes sensory information</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism allows the body to keep internal conditions stable?

<p>Homeostasis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Law of Mass Balance state?

<p>The body's input should equal its output.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The digestive system is responsible for the synthesis of Vitamin D.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Anatomy

The study of body structures.

Physiology

The study of body parts, their functions, and how they interact.

Anatomical Position

The standard reference point for describing body positions, directions, and regions.

Axial Region

Representing the core of the body, comprising all structures except arms and legs.

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Appendicular Region

Including arms and legs, representing the appendages.

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Ventral

Towards the front or belly of the body.

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Dorsal

Towards the back or spine of the body.

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Proximal

Closer to the point of attachment or origin of a limb.

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Distal

Farther from the point of attachment or origin of a limb.

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Body Cavities

Compartments within the body protecting internal organs and allowing for changes in organ size and shape.

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Homeostasis

The process of maintaining a stable internal environment in the body.

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Homeostatic Variables

The physical and chemical conditions that the body constantly regulates to ensure optimal cell function.

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Intrinsic Homeostatic Mechanisms

Internal mechanisms within the body that help regulate homeostasis.

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Extrinsic Homeostatic Mechanisms

External factors that influence the body's internal environment.

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Law of Mass Balance

The principle that the body's input and output should theoretically be balanced to maintain homeostasis.

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Integumentary System

The system that protects the body, regulates temperature, synthesizes vitamin D, and excretes waste.

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Skeletal System

The system that provides structural support, protects internal organs, enables movement, forms blood, and stores calcium.

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Muscular System

The system that enables movement, maintains posture, and generates heat.

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Regulated Variable

A variable that is monitored and controlled within a specific range by the system.

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Controlled Variable

A variable that the system cannot directly change or influence.

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Set Point

The ideal or target value for a regulated variable. The body works to maintain variables at this set point.

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Sensor (Receptor)

A component that detects changes in the environment. It acts like a sensor and provides information to the control center.

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Control Center (Integration Center)

The part that receives information from the sensor, processes it, and determines an appropriate response. It's like the 'brain' of the system.

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Target (Effector)

The component that carries out the response determined by the control center. It's responsible for enacting changes.

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Negative Feedback

The most common homeostatic mechanism. It works to reduce or oppose the original stimulus that caused an imbalance, bringing the system back to equilibrium.

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Positive Feedback

A type of feedback that enhances or amplifies the original stimulus. It can be dangerous in many scenarios.

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Chemical Bonding

The force that holds atoms together in a molecule. This can be ionic, covalent, or metallic.

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Ionic Bonding

A type of bonding where electrons are transferred between atoms, creating positive and negative ions that attract each other.

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Covalent Bonding

A type of bonding where electrons are shared between atoms.

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Polar Covalent Bond

A covalent bond where electrons are shared unequally because one atom attracts electrons more strongly.

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Nonpolar Covalent Bond

A covalent bond where electrons are shared equally between atoms.

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Metallic Bonding

A type of bonding that occurs between metal atoms, where electrons are free to move throughout the metal structure.

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Solution

A mixture of two or more substances where the components are evenly distributed and cannot be easily separated.

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Solute

The substance present in a smaller amount in a solution. This dissolves into the solvent.

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Polymer

A large molecule composed of many small repeating units called monomers.

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Polymerization

The process of linking monomers together to form polymers.

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Hydrolysis

The process of breaking down polymers into monomers with the addition of water.

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Dehydration Synthesis

The process of forming polymers from monomers by removing water.

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Monosaccharides

Simple sugars that serve as the basic building blocks of carbohydrates.

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Disaccharides

Two monosaccharides joined together.

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Polysaccharides

Complex carbohydrates formed by linking many monosaccharides.

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Starch

A type of polysaccharide that is the storage form of glucose in plants.

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DNA

A complex molecule containing genetic information, composed of a double helix structure of nucleotides. Each nucleotide contains a deoxyribose sugar, a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogenous bases: adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), or cytosine (C).

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RNA

A single-stranded molecule that carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes for protein synthesis. Composed of a ribose sugar, a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogenous bases: adenine (A), uracil (U), guanine (G), or cytosine (C).

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mRNA

A type of RNA that carries the genetic code from DNA to ribosomes.

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tRNA

A type of RNA that transfers amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis.

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rRNA

A type of RNA that forms a structural component of ribosomes, essential for protein synthesis.

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Proteins

Large molecules composed of one or more chains of amino acids, playing a vital role in various cellular functions.

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Amino Acids

Organic compounds that serve as the building blocks of proteins. They contain an amino group (-NH2) and a carboxylic acid group (-COOH).

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Polypeptide

A chain of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.

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Study Notes

Week 1 - Terminology and Anatomical Positions

  • Anatomy is the study of body structure
  • Physiology is the study of how body parts interact
  • Structure and function are interconnected (e.g., red blood cells, pectus excavatum)
  • Anatomical position: Subject stands erect, facing forward, arms at sides, palms forward, feet flat.
  • Axial region: Core of the body (head, neck, chest, abdomen, pelvic, and back of the neck areas)
  • Appendicular region: Limbs (upper and lower) - includes armpit, upper arm, elbow, forearm, wrist, palm, thumb and thigh, knee, leg, foot, and ankle.

Directional Terms

  • Ventral: Toward the front/belly
  • Dorsal: Toward the back/spine
  • Anterior: Towards the front
  • Posterior: Toward the back
  • Cephalic: Towards the head
  • Rostral: Towards the forehead/nose
  • Caudal: Towards the tail/inferior end
  • Superior: Above
  • Inferior: Below
  • Medial: Toward the midline
  • Lateral: Away from the midline
  • Proximal: Closer to the point of attachment
  • Distal: Farther from the point of attachment
  • Ipsilateral: On the same side of the body
  • Contralateral: On opposite sides of the body
  • Superficial: Closer to the body surface
  • Deep: Farther from the body surface

C146 - Body Cavities, Planes, and Sections

  • Body cavities compartmentalize organs for protection and change in shape/size.
  • Dorsal cavity: Cranial (brain) and Vertebral (spinal cord)
  • Thoracic cavity: Heart and lungs (pericardial and parietal cavities)
  • Abdominopelvic cavity: Abdominal (stomach, intestines) and Pelvic (bladder, reproductive)
  • Thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities are separated by the diaphragm.

Subdivisions of the Thoracic and Abdominopelvic Cavity

  • Thoracic Cavity: Two pleural cavities (each containing a lung) and mediastinum (containing heart, trachea, esophagus). Pericardial cavity surrounds the heart.
  • Abdominopelvic Cavity: Abdominal cavity contains stomach intestines, spleen, and liver (superior). Pelvic cavity contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum (inferior).

Four Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions

  • Four quadrants: Right upper, left upper, right lower, and left lower.
  • Nine regions: Right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar, right iliac, hypogastric, and left iliac.

Body Planes and Sections

  • Body planes are imaginary lines dividing body parts into sections. Include transverse, frontal, and sagittal planes.
  • Transverse plane: Horizontal plane, divides superior and inferior
  • Frontal plane: Vertical plane, divides anterior and posterior
  • Sagittal plane: Vertical plane, divides right and left, midsagittal plane is in the midline.

C147 - Overview of Organ Systems

  • 11 organ systems work together to maintain homeostasis.
  • Integumentary system: Protection, vitamin D synthesis, temperature regulation, excretion.
  • Skeletal system: Support, protection, movement, blood cell production, calcium storage.
  • Muscular system: Movement, posture, heat production.
  • Lymphatic system: Fluid balance, immunity.
  • Respiratory system: Gas exchange.
  • Urinary system: Waste removal, blood pressure regulation.
  • Nervous system: Coordination and control.
  • Endocrine system: Hormone production and regulation.
  • Cardiovascular system: Transport of materials.
  • Digestive system: Nutrient breakdown and absorption.
  • Reproductive systems: Reproduction.

Homeostasis

  • Homeostasis: Internal environment remains stable despite external changes.
  • Variables are regulated to maintain optimal conditions for cells, tissues, and organs.
  • Homeostasis is regulated via both intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms.
  • Law of Mass Balance: Body input equals body output.
  • Variables; regulated or controlled.
  • Controlled variable: Within a range (keep constant, typically).
  • Set point: Acceptable range for a variable
  • Components of Feedback Mechanisms: Sensor/receptors, control center (integration center), response.

Week 2 - Chemistry

C148 - Introduction to Atoms, Chemical Bonds, and Inorganic Compounds

  • Elements cannot be broken down.
  • Atoms are the smallest units of an element with the element's properties.
  • Atoms comprise subatomic particles: protons (+1 charge), neutrons (0 charge), and electrons (-1 charge).
  • Isotopes: Variations of an element with different neutron numbers.
  • Ions: Atoms with different numbers of electrons (charged).
  • Molecules: Atoms joined together.
  • Bonds: Forces holding atoms together in molecules (e.g., ionic, covalent).
  • Valence electrons: Outermost electrons involved in bonding.

Chemical Bonding

  • Ionic bonds: Transfer of electrons between atoms.
  • Covalent bonds: Sharing of electrons between atoms.
  • Metallic bonds: Sharing of delocalized electrons within a metal.

Solution Terminology

  • Mixture: Combination of substances that do not chemically combine.
  • Homogeneous mixture (solution): Uniform composition; solute dispersed in solvent.
  • Solute: Substance present in a smaller amount
  • Solvent: Substance present in a larger amount in the solution.

Water and Salts

  • Water is a powerful solvent due to polarity and hydrogen bonds.
  • Cohesion: Attraction of water molecules to each other.
  • Adhesion: Attraction of water to other substances.

Acids, Bases, and pH

  • Acids: Donate H+ ions, lower pH (0-6.99)
  • Bases: Accept H+ ions, higher pH (7.01-14)
  • Neutral: pH 7 (water)
  • pH scale measures H+ concentration.
  • Buffers: Resist changes in pH.

C149 - Organic Chemistry

  • Organic chemistry focuses on carbon-based molecules.
  • Carbon's 4 valence electrons allow versatile bonding, forming diverse structures.
  • Functional Groups: Specific groups of atoms attached to carbon that impart characteristic properties to organic molecules.
  • Important functions of the functional groups: Solubility, reactivity, and consistency.

Organic Compound Classes and their Properties

  • Hydrocarbon: hydrogen and carbon (insoluble).
  • Alcohol: Hydroxyl group (-OH) (-OH is the functional group here, and it's important to recognize important functional groups)
  • and others.

Week 2 continued - Biomolecules (Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids)

Carbohydrates

  • Monosaccharides: Simple sugars (glucose, fructose, galactose).
  • Disaccharides (maltose, sucrose, lactose): Two monosaccharides linked.
  • Polysaccharides: Many monosaccharides linked (starch, glycogen, cellulose).
  • Primary function: Energy source (cellular respiration).

Lipids

  • Fatty acids: Long hydrocarbon chains with a carboxyl group.
  • Triglycerides: Three fatty acids linked to glycerol.
  • Steroids: Four-ring structure (cholesterol, hormones).
  • Waxes: Fatty acid linked to alcohol.
  • Function: Energy storage, insulation, cell membrane structure, hormones.

Proteins

  • Proteins are polymers of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
  • Amino acids: Differ in side chain (R group).
  • Structure (primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary) defines function.
  • Functions: Enzymes, structural components, transport, hormones, immunity.

Nucleic Acids

  • Nucleic acids store and transmit genetic information.
  • DNA: Double helix, deoxyribose sugar, bases (A,T,G,C).
  • RNA: Single strand, ribose sugar, bases (A,U,G,C).
  • Functions: Genetic code storage and expression, cellular processes.

Week 3 - Nucleic Acids and Proteins continued.

  • mRNA: gene code transfer out of nucleus.
  • rRNA: protein building blocks.
  • tRNA: transports amino acid blocks.

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This quiz covers fundamental terminology and anatomical positions essential for understanding anatomy and physiology. Learn about various body regions, directional terms, and the anatomical position that serves as the foundation for describing human body structures. Test your knowledge of how body parts are interconnected and recognized in the field of anatomy.

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