Web Programming Lecture 3: CSS

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Questions and Answers

What is the significance of the '!important' directive in CSS?

  • It ensures a rule is applied regardless of specificity. (correct)
  • It enhances the performance of CSS styles.
  • It defines a custom property value for the user.
  • It allows a property to be ignored by the browser.

Which method can be used to nest multiple styles within a div element?

  • By using the same class name for all styles.
  • By nesting div tags within each other. (correct)
  • By applying inline styles directly within the div.
  • By combining the class selectors in a single rule.

What could cause a conflict in CSS when applying multiple styles?

  • Applying styles only through inline CSS.
  • Setting global styles that override all local styles.
  • Using the same property in different style sheets. (correct)
  • Defining classes that do not exist in the HTML.

How does the cascade process resolve conflicts in CSS?

<p>By prioritizing styles based on the origin and weight. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a source of conflict in CSS properties?

<p>Using the same class multiple times in one HTML element. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of CSS in web development?

<p>To separate presentation from content (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes an inline style sheet?

<p>Styles that are applied directly within the HTML tag (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which version of CSS is currently recognized as the latest as of 2017?

<p>CSS4 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major issue does CSS address in relation to web page development?

<p>Preventing mixing of style and content (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are inline styles generally not recommended?

<p>They increase maintenance and modification complexity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

CSS

Cascading Style Sheets; a language that controls and changes the presentation of HTML documents. It separates content from the appearance.

HTML

HyperText Markup Language; defines the content of a document, not its appearance.

Inline CSS

CSS styles applied directly within the HTML tag, affecting only that specific element.

Motivation for CSS

To separate content and design within web pages, making large websites easier to maintain and modify style.

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Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)

CSS is a style sheet language used to style HTML documents.

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Separation of Content and Style

A key principle in web design; content (HTML) and appearance (CSS) are handled separately for easier maintainability.

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CSS Conflict Resolution

Methods for resolving conflicts when multiple styles are applied to the same element.

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Conflicting Styles

Occurring when multiple style values are applied to the same element in CSS.

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!important Directive

Forces a CSS rule to be applied even if other rules have higher precedence.

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Specificity

A measure of how specific a selector is; determines which rules take precedence when they overlap.

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Cascade

A multi-stage process for resolving conflicts within CSS, involves gathering, sorting, and applying rules.

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Style Sheet Levels

Different origins of stylesheets, such as author, user, and browser defaults.

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Combining Classes

Applying multiple classes to a single element in CSS, resulting in a combination of styles.

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Nesting div tags

A way to apply multiple style sheets to the same element as a chain of precedence.

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Precedence Rules

Rules determining which CSS rule takes priority when there are conflicting styles.

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Study Notes

Web Programming Lecture 3: CSS

  • CSS stands for Cascaded Style Sheets
  • HTML was not designed to contain formatting tags; it focused on content definition
  • HTML 3.2 introduced formatting tags like <font> and color attributes, complicating large website development
  • CSS separates content and style, streamlining maintenance and modification, improving scalability for webpages.
  • The current version of CSS is CSS4 (2017)

Three Levels of CSS

  • Inline: Style attributes defined within HTML tags. (Not recommended). E.g., <p style="font-family:courier">
  • Document-level: Style rules defined within a <style> tag in the <head> section of an HTML document. Applies to the entire document. E.g., h2 {font-family: 'Times New Roman';}
  • External: Separate CSS files (.css) linked to HTML documents using the <link> tag in the <head>. Reusable across multiple pages.

CSS Cascade Hierarchy

  • Styles are applied in a hierarchical manner, with closer style definitions overriding more general ones.
  • Inline styles have the highest precedence.
  • External styles have the lowest precedence.
  • Styles in the HTML <head> element are between these two.
  • Styles in a linked external CSS file are at the bottom of hierarchy.

Inline CSS Specification

  • Inline styles use the style attribute of HTML elements.
  • Example: <p style="color:red; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold; font-family:Arial;">

CSS Properties

  • Various CSS properties manage different aspects of a webpage's appearance.
    • Background properties (e.g., background-color, background-image)
    • Font properties (e.g., font-family, font-size)
    • List properties (e.g., list-style-image)
    • Text properties (e.g., color, text-align)

Document Style Specification

  • Style sheets are a set of rules for style properties.
  • Style rules are typically defined within <style> tags in the HTML document's <head> section

1-Simple Selector

  • CSS rules have a selector and declarations.
  • A simple selector targets a tag name.
  • Example: h1 {color:blue; font-size:12px;} affects all h1 tags.

2-Tag Class Selector

  • Classes allow different styling for repeated tags such as paragraph tags.
  • Classes are defined within a style rule using selector.classname {} eg: p.big{ color:red; }

3- Generic Class Selectors

  • Generic classes can style multiple tags similarly. The class is prefixed with ., a period, eg h1.big , .big {font-size: 20pt;}

4- id Selectors

  • Id selectors target specific elements using a unique id.
  • Defined within a style rule using #idsname eg #specialh1{ font-weight:bold; }

5- Selectors with Pseudo-classes

  • Pseudo-classes define styles based on specific states (e.g., when the mouse hovers over a link). E.g., a:hover { color:blue;}

6- Contextual Selectors

  • Styles can target elements within a hierarchy. E.g., p em {color:red;} styles elements inside

    tags.

7- Universal Selectors

  • The * selector applies styles to all elements.
  • Useful for applying styles consistently throughout a document.

External Style Sheets

  • External .css files are linked to HTML documents to provide better organization and reusability.

<div> Tag

  • Defines logical divisions on a webpage to better structure content, allowing for separate styling blocks

<span> Tag

  • A 'inline' version of div, used to group inline elements, useful for targeting text or images for styles.

CSS Validation

  • Validating CSS code ensures proper formatting and avoids potential errors when applying styles. Tools exist for verifying validity.

Conflict Resolution

  • Conflicts arise when multiple rules target the same element with different styles.
  • Rules are prioritized according to precedence, specificity, and importance, preventing unexpected outcomes.

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