Introduction to CSS and HTML Basics
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following are valid ways to import Google Fonts into a web page?

  • Using an `@import` statement in a CSS file. (correct)
  • Using an `@import` statement in a JavaScript file.
  • Including a `link` in the `head` section. (correct)
  • Using a `<script>` tag in the `<body>` section.

The active pseudo-class is used to style a link that has already been visited.

False (B)

What CSS property is used to control the visual element displayed to the left of list items?

list-style-type

The default value for an ordered list's list-style-type is ______.

<p>decimal</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following CSS pseudo-classes with their correct descriptions:

<p>visited = Styles a link that has been visited. hover = Styles an element when the mouse pointer is over it. active = Styles an element when it is being clicked. focus = Styles an element when it has focus, such as an input field.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the MOST appropriate way to apply CSS to an HTML document for a large project?

<p>External CSS (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

CSS can only be used with HTML documents.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the universal selector in CSS?

<p>The universal selector is used for CSS resets, selecting all elements on a page.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The _______ selector in CSS targets a specific element using a unique identifier

<p>ID</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following CSS color representation with their description:

<p>RGB = Uses numerical values for Red, Green, and Blue RGBA = Uses numerical values for Red, Green, Blue, and Alpha Hexadecimal = Uses alphanumeric values prefixed with a '#' HSL = Uses Hue, Saturation and Lightness values</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these selectors has the highest specificity?

<p>ID Selector (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Inline CSS is the preferred method for applying styles because it is the most specific

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the acronym 'DRY' stand for in the context of CSS?

<p>Don't Repeat Yourself</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ____ property is an example of a non-inherited CSS property.

<p>border</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following file extensions to their description:

<p>.html = Used for structuring the content of a web page .css = Used for styling the presentation of a web page .js = Used for adding dynamic behavior to a web page</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which value represents 50% transparency in RGBA format?

<p>0.5 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Using the !important flag should be the first choice for overriding CSS styles.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three ways to apply CSS to an HTML document?

<p>External, Internal, and Inline</p> Signup and view all the answers

A class selector in CSS starts with a ______ followed by the class name.

<p>period</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following CSS concepts with their definition:

<p>Cascade = The order in which CSS rules are applied Specificity = The way CSS selectors are ranked to override each other Inheritance = Allows child elements to receive styles from parent elements !important = Overrides all other styling rules</p> Signup and view all the answers

What unit is an absolute length unit representing the size of one pixel on your screen?

<p>px (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Margin, padding, and borders do not add space around the content.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What CSS property is used to control the distance between an outline and the edge of an element?

<p>outline-offset</p> Signup and view all the answers

The _______ property allows you to create rounded corners for elements.

<p>border-radius</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match each CSS property with its usage:

<p>font-size = Determines the size of the text. font-family = Specifies the font to use for text. font-weight = Defines the thickness of the text. font-style = Defines if text is italic or not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which tool would you use to check the color contrast of text on a webpage for accessibility?

<p>Coolors.co's contrast checker (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Setting box-sizing to border-box includes the margin in the element's total size calculation.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the acronym 'rem' stand for in CSS?

<p>root em</p> Signup and view all the answers

The user-agent stylesheet in the Dev Tools shows the ________ styles applied by the browser.

<p>default</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following CSS units with their meaning:

<p>Percentage (%) = A proportion of another value. Viewport Width (vw) = One percent of the viewport's width. Viewport Height (vh) = One percent of the viewport's height. Character (ch) = Width of the '0' character in the element's font.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a relative unit based on the font size of the element itself?

<p>em (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Using em units can sometimes be unpredictable due to parent element font sizes.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hotkey combination is used to open the browser Dev Tools?

<p>Ctrl + Shift + i</p> Signup and view all the answers

The CSS Box Model consists of: content, padding, border, and ______.

<p>margin</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following border styles with their descriptions:

<p>solid = A simple, continuous line. dotted = A series of dots. dashed = A series of short lines or dashes. outset = Appears as raised. inset = Appears as sunken.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Pseudo-class

A feature of CSS that allows for different styles based on the current state of an element.

list-style-type

A CSS property that allows you to control the visual element displayed to the left of list items.

Opacity

A CSS property that can be applied to modify the transparency of an element, allowing it to be partly visible.

Google Fonts Link

A common practice for using Google Fonts, inserting a link to the font file in the head section of your HTML document.

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Hover Pseudo-class

Allows for an element to have different styles when the mouse pointer hovers over it.

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Em (em)

A relative unit equal to the font size of the element itself. For example, a font size of 1em would be the same size as the parent element's font size.

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What is CSS?

A style sheet language used to define the presentation of a web document.

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Percentage (%)

A relative unit representing a proportion of another value. For instance, 50% would represent half of the parent element's width or height.

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External CSS

A method to apply styles to HTML elements by creating a separate CSS file with style rules.

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Internal CSS

A method to apply styles to HTML elements by writing CSS rules directly within the <style> tag in the header of an HTML file.

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Root em (rem)

A relative unit equal to the font size of the root element. The browser determines this size by default. This is often used for consistency across a website.

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Inline CSS

A method to apply styles to HTML elements by embedding style attributes directly inside the HTML element tag.

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CSS Box Model

The CSS Box Model explains how space is allocated for elements on a web page.

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Element Selector

A CSS selector that targets all elements of a specific type.

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Pixels (px)

An absolute length unit that represents the size of one pixel on your screen.

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Padding

The space between the content of an element and its border.

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Class Selector

A CSS selector that targets all elements with a specific class attribute.

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ID Selector

A CSS selector that targets a specific element with a unique ID attribute.

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Margin

The space around the element's border and other elements.

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Border

The visible line that surrounds the content of an element.

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Universal Selector

A CSS selector that targets all elements on a web page.

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User-agent Stylesheet

The user-agent stylesheet, found in the Dev Tools, displays the default styles applied by the browser.

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Specificity

The hierarchical order that determines which style rule takes precedence when multiple rules apply to the same element.

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Dev Tools

A tool available in browsers to inspect and modify web page elements, including the representation of the CSS Box Model.

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Cascade

The process by which CSS rules are applied in a document, starting from the top and going down.

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Named Colors

A set of pre-defined colors available in HTML.

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CSS Reset

A type of CSS file that can be used to remove default margin and padding from all elements, providing more control over the layout.

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box-sizing

A property in CSS that determines how the size of an element is calculated. Two possible values are content-box (default behavior) and border-box, which includes padding and border in the total size.

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RGB Colors

A method to define colors using three numbers (0-255) representing the amount of red, green, and blue.

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Hexadecimal Colors

A method to define colors using six hexadecimal characters (0-9 and A-F).

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HSL Colors

A method to define colors using a hue (0-360 degrees), saturation (0-100%), and lightness (0-100%).

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CSS Inheritance

The ability of child elements to inherit certain style properties from their parent elements.

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Study Notes

What is CSS?

  • CSS is a style sheet language that describes the presentation of a document.
  • It's primarily used with HTML, but can be applied to other media.
  • HTML provides the structure, while CSS styles the appearance (e.g., colors, layout).

Tools needed for CSS

  • Use Chrome (google.com/chrome) as your web browser.
  • Employ Visual Studio Code (code.visualstudio.com) as your integrated development environment (IDE).

Creating a new HTML File

  • Create an index.html file within a new folder.
  • Use the exclamation mark shortcut to quickly generate an HTML document.

Applying CSS

  • Apply CSS using External, Internal, or Inline methods.
  • External:
    • Include a <link> element within the HTML document's <head>.
    • Link to a style.css file located in a separate CSS folder.
    • Set the rel attribute to "stylesheet".
    • The type attribute is no longer necessary.
  • Internal:
    • Include a <style> element within the HTML document's <head>.
    • Insert CSS code between the opening and closing <style> tags.
  • Inline:
    • Add the style attribute directly to an HTML element.
    • Set the desired styles within the style attribute.
    • Avoid inline CSS whenever possible; it's generally less maintainable.

CSS Selectors

  • Element Selector: Selects all elements of a specific type.
    • Example: p selects all <p> (paragraph) elements.
  • Class Selector: Selects elements with a specific class.
    • Begins with a period (.).
    • Classes can be reused across multiple elements.
    • More specific than element selectors.
  • ID Selector: Selects a single element with a unique ID.
    • Starts with a pound sign (#).
    • IDs should be unique within a page.
    • Generally avoided in favor of class selectors.
  • Universal Selector: Selects all elements on the page.
    • Uses an asterisk (*).
    • Used for resetting default styles.

Specificity

  • CSS rules are applied in order, with more specific rules overriding less specific ones.
  • Specificity Order: ID > Class > Element.
  • Use a specificity calculator to understand why certain rules are applied.

CSS Colors

  • Color Names: HTML has around 140 named colors (e.g., blue).
    • Visual Studio Code provides color palettes for color names and hex codes.
  • RGB: Red, Green, Blue. Values are integers from 0 to 255 (e.g., rgb(255, 0, 0) for red).
  • RGBA: Includes an alpha channel (transparency). Values are decimals from 0 to 1 (e.g., rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5) for 50% transparent black).
  • Hexadecimal: Values are 0-9 and A-F; (e.g., #000000 for black, #ff0000 for red).
  • Shorthand Hexadecimal: Used when repeating color values (e.g., #000 for black).
  • HSL: Hue, Saturation, Lightness. Values are: hue (0-360 degrees), saturation (0-100%), lightness (0-100%) (e.g., hsl(0, 100%, 50%) for red).
  • HSLA: Includes an alpha channel (transparency) like RGBA.

CSS Inheritance

  • Certain properties are passed down from parent elements to child elements.
  • Inherited Properties: Font size, typography settings.
  • Non-Inherited Properties: Borders.
  • Form elements typically don't inherit font settings from parent elements.

CSS Cascade

  • CSS rules are processed sequentially (cascade).
  • More specific selectors override less specific selectors.
  • !important flag: Overrides other style rules, but avoid using it unless absolutely necessary.
  • Use browser developer tools to inspect how CSS rules are applied.

DRY Principle

  • Keep your code DRY (Don't Repeat Yourself). Inheritance can aid DRY writing.

Best Practices

  • Maintain well-organized CSS code.
  • Use external style sheets to separate CSS from HTML.
  • Utilize classes to consistently apply styles to elements.
  • Avoid inline CSS.
  • Avoid !important whenever possible.
  • Employ specificity calculators for understanding style rule application.
  • Leverage browser developer tools for CSS inspection.
  • Utilize inheritance to minimize redundancy.

Key Concepts Recap

  • CSS: Styles web documents.
  • Selectors: Target specific elements.
  • Specificity: Dictates rule precedence.
  • Inheritance: Child element styles inherit parent styles.
  • Cascade: How CSS rules are applied sequentially.

Color Picking

  • Color wheels visualize hues.
  • Color descriptions use hue, saturation, and lightness.
    • Tools like Coolors.co & WebAim provide color palettes and contrast checkers.
    • Using color contrast checkers is important for web page accessibility.
    • Visual Studio Code color picking can display hex codes and contrast ratios.

CSS Units

  • Pixels (px): Absolute unit representing one pixel on the screen.
  • Percentage (%): Relative unit based on another value.
  • Root em (rem): Relative unit equal to the font size of the root element.
  • Em (em): Relative unit equal to the font size of the element itself.
  • Character (ch): Relative unit representing the width of the character '0'.
  • Viewport Width (vw): Relative unit representing one percent of the viewport width.
  • Viewport Height (vh): Relative unit representing one percent of the viewport height.

The CSS Box Model

  • Describes how elements allocate space (content, padding, border, margin).
  • Margin, padding, and borders create space around the content.
  • Default styles are overridden (e.g., font size, margin, padding, border).
  • CSS resets remove default margin/padding for greater control.
  • box-sizing: border-box | content-box.
  • border-box includes padding and border in the element's total size calculation.
  • content-box (default) excludes padding and border.

Other Key Facts

  • Live Server extension (VS Code): Automatically refreshes the page when the CSS changes.
  • Browsers set default styles (margin, padding, font weight).
  • user-agent stylesheet (Dev Tools): Shows default browser styles.
  • Ctrl + Shift + i: Opens browser developer tools.
  • Dev Tools' "Computed" tab displays the entire box model.

Tips

  • Use rem for font sizes to manage changes to the root element more efficiently.
  • Customize developer tool position through options in the dev tools.
  • Be aware that em use depends on the parent element font size.
  • Use vh for the body only if content fills the entire viewport; use with caution.
  • Use CSS resets for managing default styles.

Additional Notes

  • Accessibility (color contrast) is emphasised.
  • Button styling via margin & padding is mentioned.
  • Careful considerations for using vh units are advised.
  • The importance of developer tools for CSS box model understanding is highlighted.

CSS Box Model

  • border-box: Includes border and padding in the element's width and height.
  • margin: Space outside the box bounds.
  • padding: Space within the box, between content and border.
  • The CSS box model describes the layout of an element (containing content, padding, border, and margin).

Using Margin and Padding

  • margin: Creates space around elements or moves elements.
  • padding: Adds space between content and the element's border.
  • Use shorthand notation (margin: 10px 20px 30px 40px, top, right, bottom, left).

Border Styling

  • border: Styles the element's border.
  • border-width, border-style, border-color: Define border properties individually.

Outline Styling

  • outline: Similar to a border but doesn't affect the element's size.
  • Use outline for visual effects, not layout.

Creating Circles with Border-radius

  • border-radius: Creates rounded corners.
    • Achieve circles by setting border-radius to half the element's width or height.

CSS Typography

  • Typography: How text is presented and arranged.
  • font-size: Sets text size.
  • font-family: Specifies the font used.
  • font-weight: Sets text boldness.
  • font-style: Sets text style (e.g., italic).

Using Google Fonts

  • Use Google Fonts for more font options.
  • Use <link> in the <head> or @import in your CSS file.
  • Links have CSS defaults (underline, blue, pointer, red on click).
    • Style using pseudo-classes (e.g., :visited, :hover, :active).
  • Use the :focus pseudo-class to improve accessibility.

Hovering and Changing Colors

  • Using pseudo-classes like :hover to change attributes like color.
  • Adjust HSL values for different colors. Use opacity (RGBA) for light/dark effects.
  • Use caution when applying opacity globally.

Styling Lists with CSS

  • Style <ol> (ordered) and <ul> (unordered) lists.
  • list-style-type: Modifies the list item markers (e.g., discs, numbers).
  • Use various values for list-style-type.

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This quiz covers the fundamentals of CSS, including its role in styling HTML documents. Learn about different ways to apply CSS and the necessary tools to get started with web development. Perfect for beginners looking to understand how to enhance their web pages.

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