Web Development Basics Quiz
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Web Development Basics Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following are considered front-end languages?

  • JavaScript (correct)
  • Java
  • CSS (correct)
  • HTML (correct)
  • What does URL stand for?

    Uniform Resource Locator

    A domain name is a unique name for a web site.

    True

    Which of these is NOT a method for HTTP requests?

    <p>OPTION</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The protocol used for secured communication over the web is called ______.

    <p>HTTPS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which HTML tag is used to define headings?

    <h1> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the alt attribute in an image tag?

    <p>To provide alternate text for the image</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes what JavaScript is?

    <p>A programming language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following HTML elements with their descriptions:

    <p> = Defines a paragraph <img> = Defines an image <a> = Defines a hyperlink <h1> = Defines a top heading Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using comments in JavaScript?

    <p>To aid in code documentation and debugging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The language in which JavaScript is primarily written is called ______.

    <p>JavaScript</p> Signup and view all the answers

    JavaScript is case sensitive.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the following JavaScript statement do? document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML = "Hi, Everyone."

    <p>It writes 'Hi, Everyone.' inside an HTML element with id='demo'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Semicolons in JavaScript are optional at the end of statements.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following characters can be used to start a JavaScript variable name?

    <p>An underscore (_)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the assignment operator = do in JavaScript?

    <p>It assigns a value to a variable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if you declare a variable without assigning a value?

    <p>The variable will have the value undefined.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the function keyword in JavaScript?

    <p>It defines a block of code that can be executed when invoked.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are JavaScript strings written?

    <p>Strings are written inside single or double quotes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The length of a string is found in the property ______.

    <p>length</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a correct way to define a JavaScript variable?

    <p>var myVariable = 30;</p> Signup and view all the answers

    JavaScript variables are case sensitive.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the new keyword do when defining a string in JavaScript?

    <p>Creates a string as an object.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do arrays use for indexes?

    <p>Numbered indexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do objects use for indexes?

    <p>Named indexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should you use objects?

    <p>When element names are strings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a bad way to create an array?

    <p>var points = new Array(1, 2, 3);</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can you check if a variable is an array?

    <p>Using the isArray() function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pop() method removes the last element from an _____.

    <p>array</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the push() method do?

    <p>Adds a new element to the end of an array</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method would you use to sort an array alphabetically?

    <p>sort()</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the reverse() method do?

    <p>Reverses the order of the elements in an array</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is returned if you compare two equal values using ===?

    <p>true</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is the splice() method used?

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum number of decimal places in JavaScript?

    <p>17</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The result of 0.2 + 0.1 in JavaScript is approximately ______.

    <p>0.30000000000000004</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What will the value of y be after executing var y = 9999999999999999;?

    <p>10000000000000000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Division by zero in JavaScript results in NaN.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function is used to check if a value is NaN in JavaScript?

    <p>isNaN()</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What keyword is used to create a number object in JavaScript?

    <p>new Number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does typeof Infinity return?

    <p>number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three JavaScript functions used for converting variables to numbers?

    <p>Number(), parseInt(), parseFloat()</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which Math method rounds a number to the nearest integer?

    <p>Math.round()</p> Signup and view all the answers

    JavaScript arrays can hold different types of elements.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method can be used to get the length of an array?

    <p>length</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ISO date format in JavaScript is represented as ______.

    <p>YYYY-MM-DD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method converts a date to a UTC string in JavaScript?

    <p>toUTCString()</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do you create a new date object for January 1, 1970?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the getFullYear() method do?

    <p>Get the full year as a four-digit number</p> Signup and view all the answers

    JavaScript supports associative arrays.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Front End Languages

    • HTML, CSS, and JavaScript are the “front end languages” that are used to build web pages and applications.

    Front End Development

    • Front end development is not design.
    • It is the process of creating HTML, CSS, and JavaScript for a user interface, based on designs from designers.

    URL

    • URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator.
    • It is the address of a resource on the internet.
    • It includes the protocol, domain name, and file or resource name.
    • Dynamic URLs include additional parameters in a key=value pair format that can be used to provide unique content or to pass information between client and server.
    • URL encoding is used to convert non-ASCII characters into a valid ASCII format using a percent sign followed by two hexadecimal digits.

    HTTP

    • HTTP stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol.
    • It is a protocol used to communicate between a client and server over the web.
    • Two common methods for requests are GET and POST.
    • GET requests data from a resource and has limited length.
    • POST submits data to be processed to a resource and has no data limit.

    HTTPS

    • HTTPS is Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure.
    • It is a secure version of HTTP where all communication is encrypted and authenticated using SSL.

    Web Server

    • A web server is a program that serves files that form web pages to users in response to their requests.

    Application Server

    • An application server is a software framework that allows the creation and running of web applications.

    Web Services

    • Web services are applications that communicate over the web using HTTP and communicate using XML messages.

    Web Agents / User Agents

    • These are software applications used by users to communicate with the web server, such as web browsers.

    Domain

    • A domain name is a unique name for a website, such as google.com or facebook.com.
    • The domain name is mapped to an IP address, which represents a physical location on the internet.
    • A domain name consists of a Top Level Domain (TLD), Second Level Domain, and optionally a Third Level Domain or subdomain.

    Hosting

    • Internet hosting services run internet servers that allow organizations and individuals to serve content on the web.

    FTP

    • FTP stands for File Transfer Protocol.
    • It is a standard network protocol used to transfer files between hosts over a TCP-based network.
    • Files are split into small data packets and transmitted over an authenticated connection.

    FTP Client

    • An FTP client is software that allows users to communicate with an FTP server to transfer files.

    HTML

    • HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language.
    • It is the standard markup language used to create web pages.
    • Web browsers can read HTML files and render them into visible or audible web pages.

    HTML Documents

    • HTML documents must start with a type declaration: <!DOCTYPE html>.
    • The document itself begins with <html> and ends with </html>.
    • The visible part of the HTML document is between <body> and </body>.

    HTML Headings

    • HTML headings are defined with <h1> to <h6> tags.

    HTML Paragraphs

    • HTML paragraphs are defined with <p> tag.

    HTML Images

    • HTML images are defined with the <img> tag.
    • The src attribute specifies the source file, alt specifies alternative text, and width and height specify the size.

    HTML Elements

    • HTML elements are written with a start tag, end tag, and content in between.
    • All HTML documents consist of nested HTML elements.

    HTML Attributes

    • HTML elements can have attributes that provide additional information about the element.
    • Attributes are specified in the start tag and are in name/value pairs.

    Lang Attribute

    • The lang attribute in the <html> tag declares the document language, which is important for accessibility and search engines.

    Title Attribute

    • The title attribute provides a short description of the element or content.

    Href Attribute

    • The href attribute is used in the <a> tag to define the target URL or destination of the link.

    Alt Attribute

    • The alt attribute is used with the <img> tag to provide alternative text for images that cannot be displayed.
    • Screen readers use the alt text to describe images to users.

    Image Size: Width and Height

    • You can use the width and height attributes in the <img> tag to define the dimensions of an image.

    JavaScript Programs

    • JavaScript programs are a series of instructions executed by the computer.
    • In JavaScript, these instructions are called statements and are separated by semicolons.

    JavaScript Statements

    • Statements are composed of values, operators, expressions, keywords, and comments.
    • JavaScript ignores spaces and line breaks, but uses semicolons to separate statements.

    JavaScript Values

    • JavaScript has two types of values:
      • literals: fixed values such as numbers or strings.
      • variables: values that can be changed.

    JavaScript Literals

    • Numbers are written with or without decimals.
    • Strings are text written within double or single quotes.

    JavaScript Variables

    • Variables are used to store data values.
    • The var keyword is used to define variables.
    • Values are assigned to variables using an equal sign.

    JavaScript Operators

    • The assignment operator (=) assigns values to variables.
    • Arithmetic operators (+ , - , * , /) are used to perform calculations.

    JavaScript Keywords

    • Keywords identify actions to be performed.
    • The var keyword creates a new variable.

    JavaScript Comments

    • Comments are used to explain code and make it more readable.
    • Single-line comments start with //.
    • Multi-line comments start with /* and end with */.

    JavaScript Case Sensitivity

    • JavaScript identifiers are case-sensitive, so lastName and lastname are different variables.

    JavaScript Character Set

    • JavaScript uses the Unicode character set, which covers all the characters, punctuations, and symbols in the world.

    JavaScript Code Blocks

    • JavaScript statements can be grouped together in code blocks, which are enclosed in curly brackets ({...}).
    • Code blocks are used to define statements that are executed together.

    Comments

    • Using comments to prevent execution of code is beneficial for code testing
    • The // symbol in front of a code line turns it into a comment, preventing execution

    JavaScript Variables

    • JavaScript variables are used to store data values.
    • In the example: var x = 5;, x holds the value 5.
    • Identifiers are unique names given to variables, following these rules:
      • Can contain letters, digits, underscores, and dollar signs
      • Must start with a letter or $ and _
      • Case sensitive (y and Y are different variables)
      • Cannot use reserved words (JavaScript keywords) as names
    • = (equal sign) is an assignment operator, not an "equal to" operator in JavaScript.
    • JavaScript variables can hold numbers (like 100) and text values (called strings, like "John Doe").
    • Strings are written inside double or single quotes. Numbers are written without quotes.
    • Declaring a variable in JavaScript is called "declaring."
    • Use the var keyword followed by the variable name to declare a variable: var carName;
    • Assign a value to a declared variable using the equal sign: carName = "Volvo";
    • Multiple variables can be declared in one statement: var person = "John Doe", carName = "Volvo", price = 200;
    • Variables declared without a value will have the value undefined: var carName;
    • Re-declaring a JavaScript variable will not remove its value.

    JavaScript Operators

    • Arithmetic operations can be performed with JavaScript variables using operators like = and +.
    • The + operator is also used to concatenate (add) strings.
    • Adding a number and a string returns a string.

    JavaScript Functions

    • A JavaScript function is a block of code designed to perform a specific task.
    • Functions are invoked (executed) when "something" calls them.
    • Function syntax: function name(parameter1, parameter2, parameter3) { code to be executed }
    • Parameters are listed in the function definition. Arguments are the actual values passed when invoking the function.
    • Functions can be called by:
      • Events (e.g., user clicks a button)
      • JavaScript code (e.g., calling the function directly)
      • Automatically (self-invoked)
    • The return statement stops function execution and returns a value to the invoking statement.
    • Functions are important as they allow code reuse and flexibility.
    • Invoking a function uses the () operator: toCelsius(32)
    • Accessing a function without () returns the function definition: toCelsius
    • Functions can be used as variables, like: var text = "The temperature is " + toCelsius(32) + " Centigrade";

    JavaScript Objects

    • JavaScript objects are containers for named values called properties and methods.
    • Properties can be primitive values, other objects, or functions.
    • An object method is an object property containing a function definition.

    JavaScript Scope

    • Scope determines the accessibility of variables, objects, and functions.
    • JavaScript has function scope: The scope changes within functions.
    • Local variables (declared within a function) are only accessible inside that function.
    • Global variables (declared outside a function) are accessible from anywhere on the webpage.
    • Assigning a value to an undeclared variable automatically makes it global.
    • The lifetime of a variable:
      • Local variables are deleted when the function ends.
      • Global variables are deleted when the page closes.
      • Function arguments act as local variables inside functions.
      • In HTML, the global scope belongs to the window object.

    JavaScript Events

    • Events are actions triggered by the user or browser (e.g., page loading, input field change, button click).
    • JavaScript can execute code when these events occur.
    • HTML elements can have event handler attributes (e.g., onclick) with JavaScript code.

    JavaScript Strings

    • A JavaScript string is a sequence of characters (like "Mike Slough").
    • Strings can be enclosed in single or double quotes.
    • Quotes can be used inside a string as long as they don't match the surrounding quotes.
    • length is a built-in property to determine the string's length.
    • Escape character (\) is used to include special characters in strings: var y = "We are the so-called \"Vikings\" from the north.“
    • Break up long code lines after operators or use string addition for readability.
    • Strings can be primitive values or objects (created with new String).
      • == (equality operator) considers strings with equal values as equal.
      • === (strict equality operator) requires both the type and value to be equal.
    • Strings have properties and methods, even primitive values.

    JavaScript Numbers

    • JavaScript numbers can be written with or without decimals.
    • Extra large or small numbers can be represented using scientific notation (exponent).
    • JavaScript numbers are always 64-bit floating-point numbers, based on the IEEE 754 standard.
    • Integer values are typically accurate up to 15 digits.
    • Floating-point arithmetic might have slight inaccuracies due to the format.
    • Hexadecimal numbers are written with 0x prefix: var x = 0xFF;
    • Infinity is returned for calculations exceeding the maximum number or division by 0.
      • Type of Infinity is number.
    • NaN (Not a Number) represents invalid arithmetic operations.
      • Use isNaN() function to check if a value is NaN.
    • Numbers can be primitive values or objects (new Number()).
      • == considers numbers with equal values as equal.
      • === requires both type and value equality.
    • Numbers have properties and methods even though they are primitive values.

    JavaScript Number Methods

    • JavaScript number methods are used to manipulate and transform numbers.
    • They return new values without affecting the original variable.
    • Some examples:
      • toString(): Returns a number as a string.
      • toExponential(): Rounds a number and returns it in exponential notation.
      • toFixed(): Rounds and returns a string with a specified number of decimals.
      • toPrecision(): Returns a string with a specified number of digits (including decimals).
      • valueOf(): Returns a number as a number.

    Converting Variables to Numbers

    • These three global JavaScript methods can convert variables to numbers:
      • Number(): Converts variables to numbers.
      • parseInt(): Converts a string to an integer.
      • parseFloat(): Converts a string to a floating-point number.

    Number

    • The Number() function converts a value to a number.
    • true converts to 1.
    • false converts to 0.
    • new Date() converts to a timestamp representing milliseconds since January 1, 1970.
    • "10" converts to 10 but "10 20" returns NaN (Not a Number).

    parseInt()

    • Parses a string and returns an integer.
    • Spaces are allowed within the string.
    • Only returns the first number encountered.
    • Returns NaN it cannot be converted to an integer.
    • parseInt("10") returns 10
    • parseInt("10.33") returns 10
    • parseInt("10 20 30") returns 10
    • parseInt("10 years") returns 10
    • parseInt("years 10") returns NaN

    parseFloat()

    • Parses a string and returns a number.
    • Spaces are allowed within the string.
    • Only returns the first number encountered.
    • Returns NaN if it cannot be converted to a number.
    • parseFloat("10") returns 10
    • parseFloat("10.33") returns 10.33
    • parseFloat("10 20 30") returns 10
    • parseFloat("10 years") returns 10
    • parseFloat("years 10") returns NaN

    Math Object

    • The Math object contains useful mathematical methods and constants.
    • Math.random() returns a random number between 0 and 1.
    • Math.min() and Math.max() find the minimum or maximum values from a list of arguments.

    Math Object Methods

    • Math.round() rounds a number to the nearest integer.
    • Math.ceil() rounds a number up to the nearest integer.
    • Math.floor() rounds a number down to the nearest integer.

    Math Object Constants

    • Math.E returns Euler's number.
    • Math.PI returns PI.
    • Math.SQRT2 returns the square root of 2.
    • Math.SQRT1_2 returns the square root of 1/2.
    • Math.LN2 returns the natural logarithm of 2.
    • Math.LN10 returns the natural logarithm of 10.
    • Math.LOG2E returns base 2 logarithm of E.
    • Math.LOG10E returns base 10 logarithm of E.

    Date Object

    • The Date object is used to work with dates.
    • Dates can be represented as strings or numbers.
    • A Date object represented as a number is the number of milliseconds since January 1, 1970, 00:00:00.

    Displaying Dates

    • You can display a date using Date() within a innerHTML statement.

    Creating Date Objects

    • You can create a Date object using the new Date() constructor.
    • new Date() creates a Date object representing the current date and time.
    • new Date(milliseconds) creates a Date object based on a timestamp (milliseconds since January 1, 1970).
    • new Date(dateString) creates a Date object based on a valid date string.
    • new Date(year, month, day, hours, minutes, seconds, milliseconds) creates a Date object with the specified date and time.

    Date Methods

    • toString() returns a string representation of a Date object.
    • toUTCString() returns a UTC string representation of a Date object.
    • toDateString() returns a more readable string representation of a Date object.

    Date Formats

    • There are three main date formats:
      • ISO Dates: YYYY-MM-DD
      • Long Dates: MMM DD YYYY (month can be written fully or abbreviated)
      • Short Dates: MM/DD/YYYY or MM-DD-YYYY

    Date Get Methods

    • getDate() returns the day of the month (1-31).
    • getDay() returns the day of the week (0-6).
    • getFullYear() returns the four-digit year.
    • getHours() returns the hour (0-23).
    • getMilliseconds() returns the milliseconds (0-999).
    • getMinutes() returns the minutes (0-59).

    Date Set Methods

    • setDate() sets the day of the month.
    • setFullYear() sets the year (optionally the month and day).
    • setHours() sets the hour.
    • setMilliseconds() sets the milliseconds.

    Adding Days to a Date

    • You can add days to a Date object using setDate(getDate() + days).

    Converting a String to a Date

    • Date.parse() converts a valid date string to milliseconds since January 1, 1970.
    • You can create a Date object using the milliseconds returned by Date.parse().

    Comparing Dates

    • You can compare Date objects using standard comparison operators (>, <, >=, <=).

    Arrays

    • An array is a special variable that can hold multiple values.
    • Array elements are accessed using index numbers (starting from 0).

    Creating Arrays

    • You can create an array using an array literal:
      • var arrayName = [item1, item2, ...].
    • You can also create an array using the new Array() constructor.

    Accessing Array elements

    • You access array elements by their index number.

    Array Properties and Methods

    • length property: Returns the number of elements in the array.
    • sort() method: Sorts array elements alphabetically.
    • reverse() method: Reverses the order of elements in an array.

    Adding Array Elements

    • Use fruits[fruits.length] = "Lemon"; to add an element at the end.
    • push() method adds an element at the end of the array.

    Removing Array Elements

    • pop() method removes the last element from the array.
    • shift() method removes the first element from the array.

    Changing Array Elements

    • You can change an element by assigning a new value to the index.

    Deleting Array Elements

    • Use delete operator.

    Splicing an Array

    • splice() method allows adding or removing elements at a specific index.

    Array Methods for String Conversion

    • valueOf() returns a comma separated string representation of the array.
    • toString() returns the same as valueOf().

    Sorting Arrays using the Compare Function

    • sort() method can use a compare function to specify a custom sorting order.
    • The compare function should return a negative, zero, or positive value, based on the comparison of two elements.
    • The sort method uses the compare function's return value to determine the sorting order.

    Associative Arrays

    • JavaScript does not support associative arrays (arrays with named indexes).

    Differences Between Arrays and Objects

    • Arrays use numbered indexes.
    • Objects use named indexes.
    • You should use objects where the element names are strings (text).
    • You should use arrays where the element names are numbers.

    Good Practices for Arrays

    • Use the array literal [] to create arrays instead of new Array().
    • Use the built-in isArray() function to check if a variable is an array.

    Array Methods

    • pop() method removes the last element from an array.
    • push() method adds a new element to the end of an array.
    • shift() removes the first element from an array.
    • splice() method removes or adds elements at a specific index.
    • sort() method sorts the elements of an array alphabetically.
    • reverse() method reverses the order of elements in an array.
    • The sort() method can use a compare function to define a custom sorting order.

    JavaScript Functions

    • When calculating the difference between 40 and 100, the function returns a negative value of -60
    • The sort function prioritizes lower values, so 40 will be sorted before 100
    • Joining arrays is done by combining two arrays
    • The concat() method joins arrays
    • For example:
      • myGirls array contains "Aisha" and "Meryam"
      • myBoys array contains "Bilal", "Umer", and "Ali"
      • myChildren array is created using the myGirls.concat(myBoys) method

    Slicing Arrays

    • The slice() method extracts a portion of an array, creating a new array
    • For example:
      • the fruits array contains "Banana", "Orange", "Lemon", "Apple", and "Mango"
      • the citrus array is created with the fruits.slice(1, 3) method and contains "Orange" and "Lemon", indicating extraction from the first to the third element
      • the citrus array is created with the fruits.slice(2) method and contains "Lemon", "Apple", and "Mango", indicating extraction from the second element to the end

    JavaScript Comparisons

    • Comparison operators are used to determine if variables or values are equal or different
    • The operators are used within logical statements
    • Example of comparison operators and results for x=5:
      • == operator checks for equality. Returns true if both sides are equal, false otherwise.
      • === operator checks for equality in both value and type. Returns true if both sides are equal in both, false otherwise.
      • != operator checks for inequality, returns true if both sides are not equal, false otherwise.
      • !== operator checks for inequality in either value or type, returns true if both sides are not equal, false otherwise.
      • operator checks if the left side is greater than the right side, returns true if it is, false otherwise.

      • < operator checks if the left side is less than the right side, returns true if it is, false otherwise.
      • = operator checks if the left side is greater than or equal to the right side, returns true if it is, false otherwise.

      • <= operator checks if the left side is less than or equal to the right side, returns true if it is, false otherwise.

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