Weaving Mechanisms
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Questions and Answers

What is the main advantage of the method of selection mentioned in the content?

  • It involves complex machinery.
  • It is more accurate than pegged lattice. (correct)
  • It is slower than pegged lattice.
  • It requires more manual effort to prepare.
  • What is the primary function of the locking bars in the Hattersley dobby mechanism?

  • To prevent the knives from moving upward.
  • To increase the loom speed.
  • To hold the baulk during weave selection. (correct)
  • To control the reciprocating motion of the knives.
  • What distinguishes Hattersley dobbies from Keighly dobbies?

  • Keighly dobbies are faster than Hattersley.
  • Hattersley dobbies are double lift positive type. (correct)
  • Hattersley dobbies are single lift, while Keighly are double lift.
  • Hattersley dobbies do not utilize reciprocating knives.
  • What is the maximum speed achievable by the reciprocating dobbies mentioned?

    <p>500 rpm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What upgrade does the rotary dobby represent compared to reciprocating dobbies?

    <p>It can operate at much higher speeds. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do the push bars play in the Hattersley dobby mechanism?

    <p>They are linked to the knives and assist in movement. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which components are necessary for the upward and downward motions in the Hattersley dobby mechanism?

    <p>Heald frames and rigidly attached knives. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is NOT a part of the Hattersley dobby mechanism?

    <p>Spool bars (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total number of ends given the ends per inch and the width of the fabric?

    <p>3600 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many repeats can the jacquard handle if the jacquard capacity is 600 and ends per repeat is 200?

    <p>3 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the utilized jacquard capacity when 3 repeats are handled with 200 ends per repeat?

    <p>600 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate harnesses per hook?

    <p>Total ends / Utilized jacquard capacity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a jacquard has a capacity of 400 and is handling ends per repeat of 150, how many repeats can it effectively handle?

    <p>2.66 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the width of the repeat calculated from ends per repeat and ends per inch?

    <p>2.5&quot; (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the height of the repeat calculated from picks per repeat and picks per inch?

    <p>5&quot; (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be said about the maximum ends per inch achievable on the loom?

    <p>It is equal to the harness density. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of jacquards based on the selection method?

    <p>Mechanical and Electronic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is primarily associated with mechanical jacquards?

    <p>Punched Card (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are electronic jacquards different from mechanical jacquards in terms of operation?

    <p>They require electric components for selection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What advantage does the endless plastic paper have over punched cards in jacquard mechanisms?

    <p>It takes up less space and is stronger (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In single cylinder jacquards, how many operating cylinders are available?

    <p>One (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism is primarily responsible for lifting the hooks in electronic jacquards?

    <p>Solenoid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of double cylinder jacquards?

    <p>They have one cylinder for odd picks and one for even picks (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly defines the term 'single lift negative shedding mechanism'?

    <p>A basic jacquard mechanism involving only one lift (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the casting out plan based on the given harness density and ends per inch required?

    <p>0.70 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effective jacquard capacity when utilizing the casting out plan?

    <p>420 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which jacquard shedding mechanism works after every two picks and is used for higher speed looms?

    <p>Double lift jacquard (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic defines coarse pitch jacquards compared to fine pitch jacquards?

    <p>Lower needle accommodation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a typical size of coarse pitch jacquard?

    <p>600 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term refers to the distance between the centers of two consecutive needles in jacquard systems?

    <p>Pitch (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the remaining jacquard capacity when considering the utilized hooks?

    <p>180 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary classification basis for jacquard shedding systems?

    <p>Lift (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the hook during the next pick cycle if it has been lifted and is required to remain lifted?

    <p>The hook will remain lifted as it has a hole to fit into. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the solenoids in the electronic jacquard shedding mechanism?

    <p>To select whether a particular hook is lifted or not. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What advantage does electronic jacquard shedding have over traditional methods?

    <p>It allows for more intricate woven designs without a physical medium. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the harness to lower into the bottom shed position in the shedding mechanism?

    <p>The weight of the harness itself. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the first year that an electronic jacquard was introduced?

    <p>1983 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the supplementary hook in the shedding mechanism?

    <p>To act as a locking mechanism for lifted hooks. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the electronic jacquard shedding system update its weaving patterns?

    <p>Through floppy disks, USBs, or network transfers. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if the feeling needle does not have a hole for the next pick cycle?

    <p>The supplementary hook will disengage from the fixed griffe. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What will happen to the heald frame when there are no pegs for both feelers (F1 & F2)?

    <p>The heald frame will remain down. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the state of the heald frame during the first pick when there is a peg for Feeler (F1) and no peg for Feeler (F2)?

    <p>The heald frame will be up. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the second pick, what occurs when there is no peg for Feeler (F1) and a peg for Feeler (F2)?

    <p>The heald frame will be lowered. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When both feelers (F1 & F2) have pegs, what is the outcome for the heald frame on two consecutive picks?

    <p>The heald frame will remain up on both picks. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the scenario where there is a peg for Feeler (F1) and no peg for Feeler (F2), what is the state of the heald frame during the second pick?

    <p>The heald frame will be down. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which knives catch hooks in the case of both feelers having pegs during the first pick?

    <p>Only knife K1 catches hook H1. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the heald frame during the first pick when there is no peg for Feeler (F2)?

    <p>The heald frame will be raised if F1 has a peg. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What results in both knives missing their respective hooks during a pick?

    <p>Both feelers lack pegs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    No peg for both feelers (F1 & F2)

    When neither feeler (F1 nor F2) has a peg, the heald frame stays down on consecutive picks.

    Peg for F1, no peg for F2

    A peg for feeler F1 lifts the heald frame on the first pick but the heald frame stays down on the second because F2 has no peg.

    No peg for F1, peg for F2

    When F1 has no peg, the frame is down on the first pick, and then F2 lifts it up on the second pick

    Peg for both feelers (F1 & F2)

    When both feelers have pegs, the heald frame stays up on consecutive picks.

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    Heald Frame

    A mechanism in weaving that controls the warp threads.

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    Feelers (F1 & F2)

    Components that detect presence of peg and influence movement of heald frame.

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    Knives (K1 & K2)

    These move according to the position of feelers and hooks to alter heald frame position.

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    Hooks (H1 & H2)

    Components that interact with knives to move heald frame.

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    Hattersley Double Lift Positive (HDLP) Dobby

    A type of dobby mechanism that uses reciprocating knives and a positive double lift principle for weave selection. It's very similar to Keighly dobbies, but without return springs.

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    Reciprocating Knives

    Moving blades used in Hattersley dobbies to lift and lower warp threads during weaving.

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    Double Lift Positive

    Describes the operation of a dobby in which the knife system precisely controls the lift of the warp threads, ensuring the correct weave pattern.

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    Rotary Dobby

    Next-generation dobby mechanism that runs at higher speeds (1000-1500 rpm) compared to reciprocating dobbies (500 rpm).

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    Weave Selection

    The process of precisely lifting and lowering warp threads in a loom to create a specific pattern in the fabric.

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    Dobby

    A mechanical device in a weaving loom that controls the complex operation of lifting warp threads, creating the desired weave patterns.

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    Loom Speed

    The rate at which a weaving loom operates, measured in revolutions per minute (rpm).

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    Punching Machine

    Machine used for preparing woven patterns by punching patterns onto paper.

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    Jacquard Capacity

    The maximum number of warp threads a jacquard machine can control in one repeat.

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    Ends per Repeat

    The number of warp threads that are woven in a single repeating pattern of the design.

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    Number of Repeats Handled

    The number of complete design repeats the jacquard can control based on its capacity and the ends per repeat.

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    Utilized Jacquard Capacity

    The number of warp threads actually used by the jacquard to weave the design, considering the number of repeats handled.

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    Harnesses per Hook

    The number of warp threads controlled by each individual hook on the jacquard.

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    Width of Repeat

    The horizontal distance covered by one complete repeat of the design on the fabric.

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    Height of Repeat

    The vertical distance covered by one complete repeat of the design on the fabric.

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    Casting Out

    A technique used to reduce the warp density (ends per inch) in weaving by omitting some warp threads, even though the jacquard machine has enough capacity to handle them.

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    Casting Out Plan

    A calculation used to determine the number of hooks that will be utilized in a jacquard machine for a specific weaving design.

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    Effective Jacquard Capacity

    The actual number of hooks available for creating a weaving design after applying the casting out plan.

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    Remaining Jacquard Capacity

    The unused capacity of a jacquard machine after applying the casting out plan.

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    Single Lift Jacquard

    A type of jacquard mechanism that lifts the warp threads on every pick cycle, resulting in slower operation.

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    Double Lift Jacquard

    A type of jacquard mechanism that lifts the warp threads after every two picks, allowing for faster operation.

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    Coarse Pitch Jacquard

    A type of jacquard with large needles and wide spacing between them, resulting in limited capacity.

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    Fine Pitch Jacquard

    A type of jacquard with small needles and close spacing between them, enabling a greater capacity to create complex designs.

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    French Pitch Jacquard

    A type of fine pitch jacquard, also known as Continental pitch, known for its ability to create fully open sheds.

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    Jacquard Types

    Jacquards are classified into mechanical and electronic types, with different methods of selecting weave designs.

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    Mechanical Jacquard

    A jacquard that uses a mechanical system, like punched cards or continuous paper, to select the weave design.

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    Electronic Jacquard

    A modern jacquard that uses electronic signals to control the weave design without any physical cards or paper.

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    Single Cylinder Jacquard

    This type of jacquard uses only one cylinder to control the shedding mechanism, working for both even and odd picks.

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    Double Cylinder Jacquard

    This type has two cylinders, one for even picks and the other for odd picks, resulting in more complex designs.

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    Jacquard Shedding Mechanism

    The mechanism used to raise and lower warp threads in a jacquard loom, controlled by a system of pegs, hooks, and knives.

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    Single Lift Single Cylinder (SLSC)

    A basic type of jacquard shedding mechanism where a single lift is applied to the warp threads using a single cylinder.

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    Negative Shedding

    The principle in which the warp threads are held down by default and only lifted selectively when needed to form the weave pattern.

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    Single Cylinder Selection

    In a jacquard loom, a single cylinder moves after each pick to control the selection of warp threads based on the weave design. This cylinder controls which hooks will be lifted or lowered.

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    Supplementary Hook (H)

    A hook that locks onto the fixed griffe when the main hook is lifted, ensuring the warp thread stays lifted during the next pick cycle, creating a sustained shed.

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    Feeling Needle

    A needle that determines whether the hook should be lifted or lowered for the next pick. If the needle has a hole, the hook remains lifted, if not, the hook is lowered.

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    Swing Board

    A mechanism that displaces the hook to the right, disengaging it from the fixed griffe, causing the warp thread to lower.

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    Solenoid

    An electromagnet used in electronic jacquard machines to control the lifting and lowering of the hooks, based on the weave design.

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    CAD Software

    Computer-aided design software used to create intricate weave patterns, which can then be transferred to the electronic jacquard.

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    EJS Advantages

    Electronic Jacquard Shedding (EJS) eliminates the need for physical selection cards like punched cards or continuous patterns, streamlining the process and allowing for complex designs.

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    Study Notes

    Weaving Mechanisms

    • Warping yarns are divided into two layers: a top shed line and a bottom shed line.
    • The gap between these layers is called a shed.
    • Shedding mechanisms are used to raise and lower heald frames carrying warp yarns.
    • These mechanisms create different types of sheds: bottom closed, semi-open, center closed, and fully open.
    • Crank shedding, tappet shedding, dobby shedding, and jacquard shedding are four types of shedding mechanisms.
    • Jacquard shedding uses individual harnesses to lift individual warp yarns.
    • Positive shedding involves raising and lowering heald frames using double cams.
    • Negative shedding uses another mechanism to return heald frames to their original position, such as springs.
    • Reversing media, like springs and pulleys, returns the frames to their starting position.
    • Crank shedding is the simplest and fastest shedding mechanism, suitable for plain weaves.
    • Tappet shedding is simple, inexpensive, and suitable for plain and some basic twill weaves.
    • Dobby shedding is more complex, costly, but suitable for a wider range of weave designs.
    • Jacquard shedding is the most complex mechanism, used for intricate and specialized designs, capable of higher speeds.

    Objectives of Shedding Motion

    • Raising and lowering heald frames that carry warp yarns.
    • Creating an opening for picking media to pass through.
    • Changing the warp yarn position to interlace warp and weft as needed for weaving design.

    Types of Shedding Mechanisms

    • Crank shedding
    • Tappet shedding
    • Dobby shedding
    • Jacquard shedding

    Types of Sheds

    • Bottom closed shed
    • Semi open shed
    • Center closed shed
    • Fully open shed

    Cam

    • A specially designed rotating or sliding metal piece.
    • Used to convert rotary motion to linear reciprocating motion (or vice versa).
    • Works with a follower to transmit motion.
    • Shapes are different depending on the weave design.
    • A cam always has a flatter portion, or base (dwell) and a pointed portion, or nose.
    • Tappet cams are designed for specific weave designs, e.g., one cam for 3/1 twill weave.

    Dwell Period

    • The time the reed is stationary at its lowest point in a given cycle.
    • Directly relates to machine width and indirectly to machine speed.

    Throw or Lift of a Cam

    • The difference between the farthest and nearest points of contact on a cam in a cycle.
    • Measures maximum displacement for a cam to lift a heald frame.

    Repeat Size Limitations of Cams

    • Practical limitations on the number of cams for a given weave.
    • Generally, the weave designs for dobby and jacquard mechanisms can handle 8 to 12 picks per repeat.
    • Increased number of cams means an increase in slope that needs to be managed.

    Shed Settings

    • Adjusting the shed opening is achieved by moving a fork lever up or down with a clamp screw.
    • Increasing the length of link rods increases shed height; vice versa.

    Dobby Shedding

    • A versatile method suitable for 12 to 32 heald frames.
    • Used for creating a shed for more complicated and intricate weaves like stripes, checks and borders.

    Principle of Dobby Shedding

    • Dobby shedding mechanisms have a drive mechanism, a selection mechanism, and a lifting mechanism.

    Classification of Dobby Shedding

    • Based on the working principle (lever/reciprocating or rotary).
    • Based on the driving method used.
    • Based on the weave design selection method (continuous pattern card or electronic).

    Electronic Rotary Dobby

    • The movement of the ratchet is achieved electronically using solenoids/electromagnets.
    • The lifting order of the weave design by a computer system to the solenoids.
    • Faster, more sophisticated and has more control mechanisms compared to other types of shedding systems.

    Jacquard Shedding

    • Invented by a French silk weaver Joseph Marie Jacquard in 1801
    • Uses individual harnesses, instead of heald frames, to create a shed.
    • Each end (warp yarn) passes through its own individual harness eye, controlled by the jacquard shedding mechanism.
    • More complex, but allows for more complex design patterns.
    • Modern jacquard shedding systems are highly sophisticated, capable of handling 25,000 picks per repeat.

    Jacquard Harness System

    • Suspended above the loom.
    • Connected to the loom through a jacquard harness system (cords, heald eyes and lingoes).
    • A comber board sits below the jacquard mechanism, to line up the parallel harnesses.
    • Capacity depends on the number of hooks in one row and number of rows.

    Jacquard Card Punching

    • To each hook, multiple harnesses are attached (number depends on the weave design's end per repeat).
    • Jacquard cards contain the information to control the harness movement for a given weave.
    • Cards are laced together to form loops in the system which are repeated throughout the weave cycle.

    Casting Out

    • A technique used to adjust the harness density of a jacquard to a desired end density per inch.
    • Calculating how to adjust the hook usage to achieve the desired width or weave effects when the harness density is not equal to the desired end density.

    Hattersley Double Lift Positive (HDLP) Dobby

    • Very similar to Keighley dobby.

    • Reciprocating knives are used in this automated system, but the baulk should be rigidly attached to the heald frame for both up and down motions.

    • Has two sets of knives to achieve double lift.

    • Other descriptions of mechanism(s) details for different weaving types (e.g. Fine Pitch Jacquard (Vincenzi etc.)) are included in this document.

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