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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of classic sunshine recorders?
What is the primary function of classic sunshine recorders?
- To calculate crop yields
- To measure wind speed
- To record the duration of bright sunlight (correct)
- To estimate evapotranspiration
At what heights are anemometers generally placed for wind measurements?
At what heights are anemometers generally placed for wind measurements?
- 0.5m and 3m
- 1m and 5m
- 5m and 15m
- 2m and 10m (correct)
Which type of anemometer is considered the most reliable?
Which type of anemometer is considered the most reliable?
- Cup counter anemometer (correct)
- Digital anemometer
- Hot-wire anemometer
- Sonic anemometer
What is a key characteristic to consider when using a wind vane?
What is a key characteristic to consider when using a wind vane?
How does a wind cone measure wind conditions?
How does a wind cone measure wind conditions?
What characterizes convective precipitation compared to cyclonic precipitation?
What characterizes convective precipitation compared to cyclonic precipitation?
Which type of precipitation is most commonly associated with thunderstorm activity?
Which type of precipitation is most commonly associated with thunderstorm activity?
How does cyclonic precipitation typically compare to convective precipitation in terms of duration?
How does cyclonic precipitation typically compare to convective precipitation in terms of duration?
What is the primary factor that causes orographic precipitation?
What is the primary factor that causes orographic precipitation?
Which side of a mountain typically receives more precipitation, leading to the rain shadow effect on the opposite side?
Which side of a mountain typically receives more precipitation, leading to the rain shadow effect on the opposite side?
How are measurements of weather data typically classified?
How are measurements of weather data typically classified?
What instrument is used to measure wind speed?
What instrument is used to measure wind speed?
What is the typical characteristic of rainfall intensity?
What is the typical characteristic of rainfall intensity?
What is the primary function of a pyranometer?
What is the primary function of a pyranometer?
How does a tipping bucket rain gauge measure rainfall?
How does a tipping bucket rain gauge measure rainfall?
What is the purpose of a Stevenson screen?
What is the purpose of a Stevenson screen?
What type of thermometer would you use to measure temperature using resistance changes?
What type of thermometer would you use to measure temperature using resistance changes?
Which of the following sensors measures the rate of evaporation?
Which of the following sensors measures the rate of evaporation?
What must be avoided in the surroundings of a weather station?
What must be avoided in the surroundings of a weather station?
What is the primary purpose of weather broadcasts for farmers during seasonal rains?
What is the primary purpose of weather broadcasts for farmers during seasonal rains?
Which thermometer type is commonly used to measure temperature via voltage changes?
Which thermometer type is commonly used to measure temperature via voltage changes?
Which statement is true regarding the Campbell/Sunshine recorder?
Which statement is true regarding the Campbell/Sunshine recorder?
What is a significant financial benefit of using plastic sheeting during potential rain?
What is a significant financial benefit of using plastic sheeting during potential rain?
Which of the following is NOT a main objective of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO)?
Which of the following is NOT a main objective of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO)?
What is one of the major functions of the Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NIMET)?
What is one of the major functions of the Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NIMET)?
What type of institution is the national meteorological service?
What type of institution is the national meteorological service?
Which activity is included in the responsibilities of meteorological institutions?
Which activity is included in the responsibilities of meteorological institutions?
Which agency is responsible for global collection and exchange of meteorological data?
Which agency is responsible for global collection and exchange of meteorological data?
What benefit can farmers expect from saving 1% of their production through weather information?
What benefit can farmers expect from saving 1% of their production through weather information?
What is the most abundant gas in the Earth's atmosphere?
What is the most abundant gas in the Earth's atmosphere?
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a service provided by the national weather service?
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a service provided by the national weather service?
What type of precipitation is caused by the vertical motion of an ascending mass of air that is warmer than its environment?
What type of precipitation is caused by the vertical motion of an ascending mass of air that is warmer than its environment?
Which of the following gases is present in the atmosphere in the lowest proportion?
Which of the following gases is present in the atmosphere in the lowest proportion?
What phenomenon is described as the condensation of water vapor on a surface cooled below the dew point temperature?
What phenomenon is described as the condensation of water vapor on a surface cooled below the dew point temperature?
Which organization is associated with agricultural meteorology training?
Which organization is associated with agricultural meteorology training?
Fog is characterized by visibility of less than what distance?
Fog is characterized by visibility of less than what distance?
Which gas is commonly mentioned as variable in proportion within the atmosphere?
Which gas is commonly mentioned as variable in proportion within the atmosphere?
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Study Notes
Types of Precipitation
-
Convective Precipitation:
- Typically intense but of shorter duration, often linked with thunderstorms.
- Common in Southern Nigeria and during early rainy season in the North.
-
Cyclonic/Frontal Precipitation:
- Results from large-scale vertical air motion related to low-pressure systems.
- Moderate intensity, continuous, covering extensive areas; lasts typically 6-12 hours.
- Common in Southern Nigeria and Southeast Asia.
-
Orographic/Relief Precipitation:
- Caused by the uplift of moist air over high terrain.
- Windward slopes receive more precipitation than leeward sides, which experience a rain shadow effect.
- Precipitation levels depend on mountain size and alignment to prevailing winds.
Measurement of Rainfall
- Rainfall intensity is expressed as the amount of rainfall per unit time, with measurements categorized under fluxes.
Weather Stations
- Types:
- Automatic weather stations (electronic) and Conventional weather stations.
Instruments and Sensors
- Cup Anemometer: Measures wind speed; uses solar power, collects data every 30 seconds.
- Pyranometer: Measures solar radiation intensity.
- Rain Gauge: Electric device with tipping bucket system; typically records rainfall per unit time.
- Stevenson Screen: Houses thermometers to standardize air temperature measurement.
- Piche Evaporimeter: Measures evaporation from surfaces and plant transpiration.
- Campbell/Sunshine Recorder: Measures sunshine duration with burnable cards.
- Earth Thermometer: Measures soil temperature.
- Evaporation Tanks: Different types used to measure evaporation rates.
Surroundings of Weather Stations
- Should have a flat slope, low grass, minimal nearby trees, a power source, and secure fencing.
Thermometers
- Various types (alcohol in glass, mercury in glass, thermocouples, etc.) are used to measure temperature.
- Sunshine recorders indicate bright sunlight duration by burning cards.
Wind Measurement Instruments
- Anemometers: Essential for knowing wind quantity; tallies wind speed at various heights.
- Wind Vane: Indicates local wind direction; can be affected by nearby obstructions.
- Wind Cone: Simple tool depicting wind speed/direction; commonly seen at airports.
Meteorological Institutions
- WMO: World Meteorological Organization, a UN specialized agency for worldwide meteorological observation and cooperation.
- NIMET: Nigerian Meteorological Agency; maintains observation networks, evaluates data, and disseminates forecasts.
- Other organizations include FAO, WWW, UNEP, and several research institutes focusing on agricultural meteorology.
Atmospheric Composition
- The atmosphere is a thin layer of gases, primarily:
- Nitrogen: 78.09%
- Oxygen: 20.95%
- Argon: 0.93%
- CO2: 0.03% (variable)
- Other trace gases include krypton and helium.
Condensation Phenomena
- Dew: Formed from water vapor condensation on cooler surfaces.
- Fog: Visibility is reduced to less than 1 km due to water droplets or smoke particles.
- Frost: Occurs when temperature drops below freezing, creating icy deposits on the ground.
Summary of Precipitation Types
- Convective: Quick, intense, associated with thunderstorms.
- Cyclonic: Moderate, longer-duration, wide-spread.
- Orographic: Influenced by terrain; varied precipitation on slopes.
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