Podcast
Questions and Answers
What instrument is used to measure temperature?
What instrument is used to measure temperature?
Which unit is used to measure air pressure?
Which unit is used to measure air pressure?
What does relative humidity express?
What does relative humidity express?
What is used to measure the amount of moisture fallen from the sky?
What is used to measure the amount of moisture fallen from the sky?
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What does cloud cover measure?
What does cloud cover measure?
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Which of the following measures wind speed?
Which of the following measures wind speed?
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What type of particles does PM10 measure?
What type of particles does PM10 measure?
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What are the common units used to measure wind direction?
What are the common units used to measure wind direction?
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What is the primary function of a Stevenson Screen?
What is the primary function of a Stevenson Screen?
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Which of the following locations is least suitable for installing a weather monitoring station?
Which of the following locations is least suitable for installing a weather monitoring station?
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What characterizes extreme weather?
What characterizes extreme weather?
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Which layer of the atmosphere is primarily associated with weather phenomena?
Which layer of the atmosphere is primarily associated with weather phenomena?
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What happens to the number of air molecules as altitude increases in the troposphere?
What happens to the number of air molecules as altitude increases in the troposphere?
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Which is the correct definition of thunder?
Which is the correct definition of thunder?
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What is NOT a type of impact caused by extreme weather conditions?
What is NOT a type of impact caused by extreme weather conditions?
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Which of the following best represents the definition of weather?
Which of the following best represents the definition of weather?
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What happens to the angle of solar radiation at lower latitudes?
What happens to the angle of solar radiation at lower latitudes?
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Why do cities at lower latitudes typically have higher temperatures?
Why do cities at lower latitudes typically have higher temperatures?
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What is the effect of increasing altitude on the number of air molecules?
What is the effect of increasing altitude on the number of air molecules?
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What is the relationship between altitude and the ability of air to retain heat?
What is the relationship between altitude and the ability of air to retain heat?
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What is the primary reason for preferring flight in the stratosphere over the troposphere?
What is the primary reason for preferring flight in the stratosphere over the troposphere?
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How does the temperature change with altitude in the troposphere?
How does the temperature change with altitude in the troposphere?
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What factor contributes to the formation of extreme weather conditions in the troposphere?
What factor contributes to the formation of extreme weather conditions in the troposphere?
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How does the shape of the Earth affect the distribution of solar energy?
How does the shape of the Earth affect the distribution of solar energy?
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What occurs when the air temperature decreases to the dew point?
What occurs when the air temperature decreases to the dew point?
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At what temperature does the air become saturated with 10g of water vapour according to the provided data?
At what temperature does the air become saturated with 10g of water vapour according to the provided data?
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What happens to the relative humidity as the temperature decreases from 30°C to 20°C?
What happens to the relative humidity as the temperature decreases from 30°C to 20°C?
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How much water vapour condenses into droplets at 8°C?
How much water vapour condenses into droplets at 8°C?
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What is the relationship between temperature and the air's capacity to hold water vapour?
What is the relationship between temperature and the air's capacity to hold water vapour?
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What is the relative humidity at 10°C with 10g of water vapour?
What is the relative humidity at 10°C with 10g of water vapour?
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Which of the following describes the dew point?
Which of the following describes the dew point?
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What is the relative humidity at 30°C when the air holds 10g of water vapour?
What is the relative humidity at 30°C when the air holds 10g of water vapour?
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What does a low air pressure area indicate about air movement?
What does a low air pressure area indicate about air movement?
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What is the effect of isobar spacing on wind speed?
What is the effect of isobar spacing on wind speed?
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What weather conditions are typically associated with low air pressure?
What weather conditions are typically associated with low air pressure?
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What is the definition of dew point?
What is the definition of dew point?
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Which force drives wind from high-pressure areas to low-pressure areas?
Which force drives wind from high-pressure areas to low-pressure areas?
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In the context of air pressure, what does a higher temperature imply?
In the context of air pressure, what does a higher temperature imply?
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What units are typically used to measure air pressure?
What units are typically used to measure air pressure?
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What happens to air as it rises in a low air pressure area?
What happens to air as it rises in a low air pressure area?
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Why does weather predominantly occur in the Troposphere?
Why does weather predominantly occur in the Troposphere?
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What is a primary reason airplanes ascend to the stratosphere quickly after takeoff?
What is a primary reason airplanes ascend to the stratosphere quickly after takeoff?
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What is the main characteristic of the air in the Stratosphere regarding water vapour?
What is the main characteristic of the air in the Stratosphere regarding water vapour?
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What contributes to extreme weather conditions that primarily occur in the Troposphere?
What contributes to extreme weather conditions that primarily occur in the Troposphere?
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How does the urban infrastructure in Macau contribute to flooding?
How does the urban infrastructure in Macau contribute to flooding?
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What is a direct economic impact of flash floods in low-lying areas of Macau?
What is a direct economic impact of flash floods in low-lying areas of Macau?
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What happens to vehicles in underground parking lots during flooding?
What happens to vehicles in underground parking lots during flooding?
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What is the effect of solar radiation on Earth's atmosphere?
What is the effect of solar radiation on Earth's atmosphere?
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Study Notes
Weather Elements
- Weather elements are the basic properties used to measure and describe weather conditions.
- Includes temperature, precipitation, humidity, air pressure, wind speed, wind direction, cloud cover, PM 10/PM2.5, and UV.
Measuring Temperature
- Temperature measures how hot or cold a place is.
- Measured in degrees Celsius (°C) or Fahrenheit (°F).
- Measured using a thermometer.
- Fahrenheit (°F) is commonly used in America.
Measuring Precipitation
- Precipitation measures the amount of moisture that falls from the sky.
- Includes rain, snow, hail, and sleet.
- Measured in millimeters (mm) or centimeters (cm).
- Measured using a rain gauge.
Measuring Air Pressure
- Air pressure measures the weight of air on Earth's surface.
- Typically ranges from 970 to 1040 millibars (mb) or hectopascals (hPa).
- Measured using a barometer.
Measuring Humidity
- Absolute humidity: the amount of water vapor in the air. (g/m³)
- Relative humidity: the percentage between water vapor in the air and the capacity to retain the water vapor in the air at a given temperature. (%)
- Measured using a hygrometer.
Measuring Wind Direction
- Wind direction measures the direction wind is coming from.
- Measured using compass directions (e.g., North, East, West).
- Measured using a wind vane or windsock.
Measuring Wind Speed
- Wind speed measures how fast the wind blows.
- Measured in miles per hour (mph) or kilometers per hour (kph).
- Measured using an anemometer.
Measuring Cloud Cover
- Cloud cover measures how much of the sky is covered by clouds.
- Measured using Oktas.
- Scales range from 0 (clear sky) to 8 (completely covered by clouds).
- Measured using eyes.
Measuring PM 10/PM2.5
- PM10/PM2.5 measures concentration of tiny particles in the air.
- Measured in micrograms per cubic meter of air.
- Measured using an Optical Particle Counter.
Other Methods
- Stevenson screen, houses instruments like thermometers, hygrometers, and barometers for measuring weather conditions in a shaded, well-ventilated area.
Installing Weather Monitoring Stations
- Stations are installed on ships, high hills (high altitudes), major roads and bridges, airports, residential areas, and commercial areas, and using weather balloons.
Weather
- Weather is the condition of the atmosphere in a specific place, and it changes frequently.
- Example pictures of different weather conditions were shown.
The Atmosphere
- The atmosphere is a layer of air that surrounds Earth, about 1,000 kilometers thick.
- The troposphere is where weather phenomena occur.
Characteristics of Weather (Data Example)
- Data examples were given including temperature, humidity, wind speed, wind direction, and weather conditions.
- Data was collected over time in intervals like 15:00, 16:00 and other hours/dates.
Extreme Weather
- Extreme weather refers to unusually intense or abnormal weather conditions.
- These events can have significant impacts on humans, society, the economy, and the environment.
- Examples of extreme weather events and impacts were discussed, including a statement issued by City L, a government regarding ongoing thunderstorms and flooding, in September 3.
Types of Extreme Weather Impacts
- Social impact: harm to people.
- Economic impact: financial losses.
- Environmental impact: damage to the environment.
Thunderstorms
- Thunderstorms often involve heavy rain, lightning, and thunder.
- Lightning is a sudden flash of light caused by electricity in the atmosphere.
- Thunder is the loud sound that follows lightning.
Atmospheric Layers
- Layers of the atmosphere include: exosphere, thermosphere, mesosphere, stratosphere, and troposphere.
- Temperature trends decrease and increase as altitude changes.
- Factors affecting temperature changes in each layer were discussed.
Troposphere and Weather
- Hot air balloons are examples of how tropospheric conditions are observed.
- Convection currents involve warm air rising and cold air sinking.
Convection Current
- Warm air rises and cold air sinks.
- This circulation of air moves and creates winds and precipitation.
Wind and Precipitation
- Wind is created as air moves from high to low pressure areas.
- Rising warm air cools, water vapor condenses, forming clouds.
- Precipitation happens when water droplets become too heavy.
How is Rain Formed?
- Hot air rises, carrying water vapor.
- Air cools, water vapor condenses to form clouds.
- Water becomes heavy and falls as rain.
The Formation of Weather
- Weather formation is a result of uneven heating of Earth's surface, causing convection currents.
Tropopause
- The tropopause is the atmospheric boundary that separates the troposphere and stratosphere.
- At this boundary, air stops cooling with altitude.
Why Weather Mostly Occurs in the Troposphere
- Most weather occurs in the troposphere due to the concentration of water vapor.
- Water vapor is crucial for cloud formation and precipitation.
Airplane Ascent
- Airplanes quickly ascend to the stratosphere after takeoff to avoid turbulence, rainstorms, and windstorms.
- These extreme weather conditions are more common in the troposphere.
Global Atmospheric Circulation
- The global pattern of airflow is driven by differences in temperature and pressure.
- Air rises at the equator, moves toward the poles, and sinks at higher latitudes.
- The Coriolis effect deflects winds to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere.
- These patterns affect the distribution of rainforests and deserts.
Synoptic Maps
- Synoptic maps (weather maps) are used to show large-scale atmospheric conditions.
- Isobars on a weather map represent places with the same air pressure.
- The spacing of isobars determines the strength of the pressure gradient force and wind speed.
- Contour maps use lines to depict areas with the same elevation/height.
Pressure Gradient Force
- The pressure gradient force drives wind from high pressure to low pressure areas.
- The closer together the isobars, the stronger the pressure gradient force and the faster the wind.
Relationship Between Air Pressure and Weather
- Low pressure = unstable weather (warm air rises, condensation, rain).
- High pressure = stable weather (cold air sinks, dry air, clear skies).
Dew Point
- Dew point is the temperature at which air becomes saturated with water vapor.
- When air cools, its ability to hold moisture decreases.
- When air reaches dew point, condensation occurs.
Saturated Air
- Saturated air cannot hold any more water vapor.
- Relative humidity reaches 100% when air is saturated and condensation occurs.
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Description
Test your knowledge on weather elements and their measurements! This quiz covers temperature, precipitation, air pressure, and humidity, along with their respective measurement methods. Explore how these elements affect weather conditions and learn the specific tools used to measure each one.
