Wave and Particle Properties of Light

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Questions and Answers

What property of a wave is equal to half the vertical distance between a crest and trough?

Amplitude

Which scientist showed that a light wave can be accurately described as an?

Albert Einstein

What is the SI unit of frequency?

Hertz (Hz)

What is the number of waves that pass by a point in a given time?

Frequency Signup and view all the answers

The idea that light consists of a series of waves rather than individual particles is the ____ theory of light.

Wave theory of light Signup and view all the answers

Light consists of tiny bundles or "packets" of energy; what does light consist of?

Photons Signup and view all the answers

Based on quantum theory, the energy of a light "packet" is _____ proportional to its frequency.

Directly Signup and view all the answers

What type of spectrum consists of only certain wavelengths of light?

Line spectrum Signup and view all the answers

The most stable energy of an atom is the highest or lowest energy state possible?

Lowest Signup and view all the answers

When a hydrogen atom is in the ground state, n has a value of what number?

1 Signup and view all the answers

This model of the atom indicates that electrons move about the nucleus only in specific, quantized orbits.

Bohr model Signup and view all the answers

When a gas is heated, which subatomic particle changes energy levels to release light?

Electron Signup and view all the answers

What property of atoms causes elements to produce line spectra instead of continuous spectra?

Atomic structure Signup and view all the answers

Which scientist first proposed that light is composed of matter waves?

Louis de Broglie Signup and view all the answers

_____ configuration is the complete arrangement of electrons in an atom.

Electron configuration Signup and view all the answers

Which quantum number indicates the main energy level in which an electron is found?

Principal quantum number Signup and view all the answers

The n = 4 electron shell has how many subshells?

Four Signup and view all the answers

What quantum number describes the orientation in space of an individual orbital within a subshell?

Magnetic quantum number Signup and view all the answers

What quantum number indicates the shape or type of subshell in which an electron is found?

Azimuthal quantum number Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum number of electrons in the n = 3 electron shell?

18 Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum number of electrons in a p subshell?

6 Signup and view all the answers

This principle states that no two electrons may have the same set of four quantum numbers.

Pauli exclusion principle Signup and view all the answers

What quantum number differentiates two electrons occupying the same orbital?

Spin quantum number Signup and view all the answers

The idea that electrons occupy the lowest-energy orbital available.

Aufbau principle Signup and view all the answers

This idea states that one electron will occupy each orbital in a p, d, or f subshell before pairing begins.

Hund's rule Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the outermost electrons in an atom?

Valence electrons Signup and view all the answers

What did Dobereiner name identified groups of three elements with similar properties?

Triads Signup and view all the answers

By what property is the modern periodic table organized?

Atomic number Signup and view all the answers

Who developed the periodic table of elements?

Dmitri Mendeleev Signup and view all the answers

Elements in the same ______ have similar valences.

Group Signup and view all the answers

What term refers to a row of the periodic table?

Period Signup and view all the answers

Which group on the periodic table is also called the metalloids?

Metalloids Signup and view all the answers

On the periodic table, what are the names for groups 3-12?

Transition metals are a group of elements located in groups 3-12 in the periodic table. They are characterized by their ability to form ions with multiple charges and by the presence of partially filled d orbitals in their atoms. Transition metals exhibit a wide range of physical and chemical properties, including high melting points and densities, and are known for their colorful compounds and their use in alloys and catalysts. Signup and view all the answers

Which group on the periodic table does not readily combine with other elements?

Noble gases, located in group 18 of the periodic table, are known as inert gases due to their lack of reactivity. This inertness arises from their filled outermost electron shells, meaning they do not readily gain or lose electrons to form chemical bonds. Noble gases are colorless, odorless, and unreactive under standard conditions, making them ideal for use in various applications, such as in lighting and as shielding gases in welding. Signup and view all the answers

What is the name for elements that are always found in nature as 2+ ions?

Alkaline earth metals are highly reactive metals that readily lose two electrons to form 2+ ions. They are located in group 2 of the periodic table and include elements such as beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), and radium (Ra). They have a relatively low electronegativity, meaning they tend to lose electrons, and are typically found in compounds with nonmetals. Signup and view all the answers

What group of metals exists in compounds as 1+ ions?

Alkali metals are highly reactive metals located in group 1 of the periodic table. They readily lose one electron to form 1+ ions, giving them a +1 oxidation state. Alkali metals include lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), cesium (Cs), and francium (Fr). They are soft, silvery, and have low melting points. Due to their reactivity, alkali metals are never found in their pure form in nature. They are typically found in compounds such as halides, carbonates, and sulfates. Signup and view all the answers

What is the name for highly reactive soft solids with low melting points?

Alkali metals have a high reactivity due to their tendency to easily lose one valence electron, resulting in a +1 oxidation state. They are relatively soft solids, meaning they can be easily cut with a knife, exhibiting low melting points compared to other metals. This combination of properties makes alkali metals highly reactive and requires them to be stored in special conditions, often under oil or kerosene, to prevent reaction with moisture or air. Signup and view all the answers

What rule states that orbitals fill in order of increasing n + l?

The Aufbau principle (from the German word Aufbau meaning 'building up') helps to predict the order in which electrons fill atomic orbitals. In this principle, the orbitals are filled in order of increasing n+l values, where n is the principal quantum number and l is the azimuthal quantum number. This rule suggests a consistent pattern of filling atomic orbitals, creating the electron configuration of atoms and predicting their chemical properties. Signup and view all the answers

What is the energy released when one electron is added to a gaseous atom of an element?

Electron affinity is the amount of energy released when an electron is added to a neutral atom in the gaseous state to form a negative ion. This value is often expressed in electron volts (eV) or kilojoules per mole (kJ/mol). It quantifies the atom's propensity to gain an electron and form a stable negative ion. Electron affinity can be positive or negative, indicating whether energy is released or absorbed during the process. Signup and view all the answers

What is the ability of chemically combined atoms to attract electrons to themselves?

Electronegativity is a chemical property that describes the tendency of an atom to attract electrons towards itself when it is part of a chemical bond. It is a measure of an atom's relative attraction for electrons in a bond. A higher electronegativity indicates a greater attraction for electrons. The electronegativity values can help to predict the type of bond, such as ionic or covalent, that is formed between two atoms. Signup and view all the answers

What is the periodic trend (direction) for increasing atomic radius?

The atomic radius, which is the distance between the nucleus and the outermost electron shell of an atom, exhibits a periodic trend in the periodic table. As you move down a group, the atomic radius increases due to the addition of electron shells, leading to greater distances between the nucleus and the outer electrons. Conversely, moving across a period (left to right), the atomic radius generally decreases. This is because, although electrons are added to the same electron shell, the increasing nuclear charge pulls the electrons closer to the nucleus, leading to a smaller atomic radius. Signup and view all the answers

What are the most electronegative elements?

Electronegativity, which measures an atom's attraction for electrons in a chemical bond, follows a periodic trend. Generally, fluorine (F) is the most electronegative element, while oxygen (O) and nitrogen (N) are also among the most electronegative elements. This trend is attributed to the increasing nuclear charge and decreasing atomic radius across a period. Electronegativity generally decreases as you move down a group due to the increasing electron shells, leading to weaker attraction between the nucleus and outer electrons. Signup and view all the answers

Which elements have the smallest first ionization energy?

The first ionization energy is the minimum energy required to remove one electron from a neutral atom in its gaseous state. Alkali metals have the smallest first ionization energies because their outermost electron is relatively loosely bound due to their relatively large atomic radius and weak attraction to the single outer electron. This trend is consistent with the periodic trend of increasing ionization energy across a period and decreasing ionization energy down a group. Signup and view all the answers

What elements have a very small atomic radius?

Noble gases have a very small atomic radius due to their filled outermost electron shells. The strong nuclear charge holds these electrons tightly, minimizing the distance between the nucleus and the outer electrons. The atomic radius follows a periodic trend, decreasing across a period and increasing down a group due to the effects of increasing nuclear charge and additional electron shells. Signup and view all the answers

Which ions with the same number of electrons also have the smallest ionic radius?

Cations (positively charged ions) generally have smaller ionic radii compared to their neutral atoms, which is attributed to the loss of electrons and the stronger attraction between the nucleus and fewer remaining electrons. Ions with the same number of electrons, known as isoelectronic ions, exhibit a trend where ionic radius decreases with an increasing nuclear charge. This trend is observed as we move from left to right across a period in the periodic table. Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Amplitude of a wave

Half the vertical distance between a crest and a trough of a wave.

Wave theory of light

The theory that light consists of waves.