Water Supply Systems Overview

Continuous vs. Intermittent Supply

• Continuous Supply: Water is delivered constantly, ensuring a continuous flow to consumers.
• Intermittent Supply: Water is supplied for limited periods, often due to limited resources or infrastructure.

Gravity System

• Relies on elevation differences to move water.
• Water flows from a higher elevation to a lower elevation without pumps.
• Often used in areas with natural topographical advantages.

Pumping System

• Uses pumps to move water from lower to higher elevations.
• Essential in areas with flat terrain or when gravity alone is insufficient.
• Requires regular maintenance of pumps and associated infrastructure.

Combined Systems

• Integrate both gravity and pumping methods.
• Gravity is utilized for initial flow, while pumps are used for boosting pressure or overcoming elevation changes.
• Offer a balance of efficiency and reliability.

Layouts of Distribution System

• Radial System: Water flows outward from a central source, like a water tower.
• Loop System: Water flows in a closed loop, providing multiple sources of supply.
• Grid System: A network of interconnected pipes provides multiple paths for water flow.

Maintenance of Distribution System

• Regular inspections for leaks, corrosion, and other damage.
• Repairs and replacements are necessary to ensure system integrity and minimize water loss.
• Monitoring water quality and adjusting system parameters as needed.

Equalizing Storage

• Storage Reservoirs: Designed to store water for peak demand and supply emergencies.
• Types: Elevated tanks, ground-level reservoirs, and underground installations.
• Capacity is determined by population, water demand, and geographic considerations.

Types of Conduits, Joints, and Appurtenances

• Conduits: Pipes and other structures that convey water.
• Joints: Connections between conduit sections, enabling flexible and secure installation.
• Appurtenances: Devices and components like valves, hydrants, meters, and fittings.
• Material Types: Steel, concrete, cast iron, PVC, and polyethylene are commonly used.

Pipe Laying and Testing

• Installation Techniques: Trenching, bedding, and backfilling.
• Quality Assurance Methods: Pressure testing, leak detection, and visual inspection.
• Safety Precautions: Proper work zone safety, appropriate equipment, and adherence to safety regulations.

Explore the differences between continuous and intermittent water supply systems. Learn about gravity and pumping systems, and how combined systems enhance water distribution. Understand the layouts of distribution systems and their implications for efficiency and reliability.