Water Properties

Heart Rate and Exercise Intensity

• Graph 1 shows the average beats per minute of a group of people subjected to various intensities of exercise.
• The dependent variable is average heart rate (beats/min), and the independent variable is exercise intensity.
• The test group with the lowest average heart rate are the people that rested, where they averaged the least amount of beats per minute.
• The High exercise intensity has the highest error bars.
• The difference in average heart rate between those doing moderate and light exercise is 25 beats per minute (125 - 100 = 25).

Hydrogen Bonds

• A hydrogen bond is a weak bond when a hydrogen atom, already bonded to one electronegative atom (oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine), is attracted to another electronegative atom.
• This bond is important for the structure and properties of water, as well as many biological molecules like DNA and proteins.

Polar Covalent Bonds

• A polar covalent bond is a chemical bond where two atoms share electrons, but the electrons are not shared equally.
• This occurs when one atom is more electronegative (better at attracting electrons) than the other, creating a slight charge difference within the molecule.

Properties of Water

• Water molecules are attracted to each other, creating surface tension.
• Water striders can walk on water.
• Water molecules are attracted to other types of molecules.
• Moves water up plant stems through capillary action.
• Water can absorb and release heat without significant temperature changes, because water regulates body temperature in animals when they are sweating or painting.
• Can absorb a lot of heat before its temperature changes.
• Water helps maintain stable temperatures in aquatic environments, benefiting fish and other aquatic organisms.
• Water requires a lot of energy to change from liquid to gas.
• Evaporation of sweat cools down the body.
• Water has a high boiling point compared to other molecules of similar size.
• Water remains in the liquid state within living organisms at normal body temperatures.
• Water can dissolve many substances, making it an excellent solvent.
• Water enables the transport of nutrients and waste products in blood.

Hydrophobic vs. Hydrophilic

• Hydrophobic is a type of molecule that does not interact well with water, and tends to repel water and not dissolve easily in it.
• Hydrophobic molecules are typically nonpolar and uncharged.
• Oils and fats are typically hydrophobic.
• Hydrophilic is a type of molecule that that interacts well with water.
• These molecules tend to attract and dissolve in water.
• Hydrophilic molecules are typically are polar or charged.
• Salt (sodium chloride) is hydrophilic and dissolves readily in water.

Summary Table of Molecules and their functions

Metabolism Definition

• Metabolism converts food into energy with 2 different processes.
• That break down nutrients to release energy and using that energy to build and repair tissues.

Anabolism vs Catabolism

• Anabolic processes involve building up complex molecules from simpler ones, which these require energy.
• An example of this, involves protein synthesis, amino acids are assembled into proteins, necessary for cell growth and repair.
• Catabolic processes involve breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones, which releases energy.
• An example of this, involves cellular respiration, glucose broken down into carbon dioxide and water, that is releasing energy in the form of ATP.
• Anabolism and catabolism have an inverse relationship, where one builds up and releases energy. While the other breaks down and consumes energy

Polysaccharide

• Polysaccharide is An 4 or more amount of monosaccerides.
• Starch is an energy storage compound found in plants, and is the primary storage form of glucose in plant tissues.
• Cellulose is a structural support in plants
• Cellulose is found in the cell walls of plants and provides rigidity and strength.
• Glycogen is an energy storage compound found in animals, especially in the liver and muscles, and serves as the primary storage form of glucose.

Condensation Reaction

• Two smaller molecules, called reactants, often monomers, with reactive functional groups (e.g., hydroxyl groups –OH and hydrogen atoms –H).
• The functional groups interact, leading to the formation of a covalent bond between the two reactant molecules during the Bond Formation.
• water molecules also known (H2O) is released as a byproduct, which this is referred to Water Release.
• The Product Formation results in in a larger molecule, often a polymer, which is formed by the covalent bonding of the original reactants.

Saturated Fatty Acids

• Contains no double carbon bonds atoms in the hydrocarbon chain making this all carbon hydrogen atoms saturated.
• Saturated Fatty Acids are Typicaly solid at room temperature

Monounsaturated Fatty Acids

• Contains one carbon double bond carbon in the hydrocarbon chain giving it kink bond..
• Monounsaturated Fatty Acids are Typically liquid at room temperature

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

• Contains two or more carbon double bonds carbon in the hydrocarbon chain creating multiple kinks in the chain.
• Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids are Typically liquid at room temperature

Functions of Fats

• Fats store an efficient forms of energy that can be broken down during hibernation
• Fats are helpful with insulation because they allow us to maintain body temperature. This is because of a layer of padding under the skin.

Amino Acids

• Amino acids are composed of a central alpha carbon atom that is bonded to an amino group (-NH2) and carboxyl acid (-COOH)
• As well as a hydrogen atom (H) and its R group which is also known and a side chain

Polypeptides

• Polypeptides are chain of amino acids that are linked together by peptide bonds and fold into functional proteins.
• This process occurs in the ribosomes of cells during protein synthesis (translation).
• During a condensation reactions the amino group NH2 of one amino acid has a reaction with the carboxyl group COOH of another amino acid.
• Due to all of this a water molecule (H2O) is released.
• After wards a covalent bond also known as peptide bonds are formed with carbon atoms from the carboxyl group and the nitrogen atom is known as denaturation of proteins

Denaturation of Proteins

• Denaturation of proteins occurs when it loses its native 3D structure and its functions. This can be impacted due to high heat and pH level changes.
• Chemicals are also capable of interacting with the protein's structure

Relationships Between Amino Acids

• The amino acid sequence also known as primary structures dictates how the protein folds into its 3D conformation.
• Secondary structures are local folding patterns such as alpha helices and beta sheets, which this is stabilized by hydrogen bonds.
• Tertiary Structure the overall 3D shape is between interactions on side groups
• Quaternary Structure a functional protein complex is made up of multipule polypeptide chains

Protein Comparisons

• Proteome is a the complete set of proteins in any cell.
• Genome is the complete Set of all the organisms genetics

Explore water's unique properties: nutrient transport in plants, specific heat for aquatic life, and thermoregulation in mammals. Identify nonpolar molecules' behavior in water and solvent/solute in saltwater.