Questions and Answers
Which of the following states of water is not found on Earth?
What happens to water when it freezes?
Which of the following is NOT a use of water mentioned?
What composition of elements makes up pure water?
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What is true about pure water?
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Which process describes the movement of water on, above, and below the Earth's surface?
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In which of these sectors is water NOT typically used as mentioned?
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Which statement about rainwater is correct?
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What is the ultimate driver of the water cycle?
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Which factor does NOT alter the water cycle?
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What is the average annual rainfall in the Philippines?
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What absorbent process involves the downward movement of water into the soil?
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Which area has the highest average annual rainfall according to the given data?
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What percentage of the Philippine population has access to potable water?
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Which hydrological process involves water changing from liquid to gas?
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Which of the following represents natural discharge of water from clouds?
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What is hydrology concerned with?
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Which of the following is NOT a use of hydrology in civil engineering?
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What type of water use is classified as consumptive?
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Which of the following is an example of non-consumptive water use?
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According to the Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004, what is considered a domestic use of water?
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What is the basic household water requirement estimated to be per person per day?
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Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an importance of hydrology in civil engineering?
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How much of the Earth's surface is covered by water?
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What occurs when the capacity of the soil to absorb rainwater is exceeded?
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Which of the following accurately describes 'evapo-transpiration'?
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What is 'melting' in the context of water processes?
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Which of these is considered raw water?
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Which group utilizes water the most based on the provided content?
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What is the definition of potable water?
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What is meant by 'advection' in the context of water?
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In which of the following regions is the groundwater flow significantly influenced by gravity?
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What type of water contains less than 500 ppm dissolved common salt?
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Which type of water is specifically drained from toilets and urinals?
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What is the term for water that contains pollutants making it unsuitable for use?
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Which type of water specifically refers to a rainwater runoff collected from roofs?
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What type of water occurs beneath the water table in soils and rocks?
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Study Notes
Nature and Importance of Water
- Hydrology studies the origin, circulation, distribution, and properties of water on Earth.
- Water covers over 70% of the Earth’s surface and is the most abundant substance on Earth.
- Only substance on Earth to naturally exist as solid, liquid, and gas.
Importance of Hydrology in Civil Engineering
- Flood and drought management are critical for infrastructure planning.
- Ensures reliable water supply and supports hydroelectric power generation.
- Essential for maintaining water quality and effective irrigation strategies.
- Addresses structural, transportation, geotechnical, and environmental challenges.
Fresh Water Categories
- Consumptive water use refers to water that is not returned to the system, relevant in agriculture and manufacturing.
- Non-consumptive water use allows water to be treated and returned to surface water sources.
Uses of Water under RA 9275 (Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004)
- Domestic uses include drinking, cooking, washing, and watering gardens, averaging 40 liters per person per day.
- Municipal uses provide water for community needs.
- Irrigation supports agricultural crop production.
- Water is utilized for power generation and industrial processes.
- Recreational activities rely on water for facilities like swimming pools and golf courses.
- Health and sanitation facilities require clean water for operations.
Composition of Water
- Water is composed of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom (H2O).
- Pure water is tasteless, odorless, and can only be obtained through specific methods like distillation.
Hydrologic or Water Cycle
- The water cycle involves the natural movement of water on, above, and below the Earth’s surface, driven by solar energy.
Factors Altering the Water Cycle
- Human activities such as agriculture and industrial processes.
- Deforestation and reforestation impact water availability.
- Construction of dams alters natural water flow.
- Urbanization affects local water cycles.
- Climate change has significant implications for water distribution.
Philippine Water Basics
- The Philippines is endowed with 221 lakes and 421 river basins.
- Average annual rainfall is approximately 2,400 mm, with 90% water availability.
- Access to potable water is 96%, and basic water services reach 91% of the population.
Hydrological Processes
- Evaporation: Transition from liquid water to gas.
- Condensation: Water vapor cools and becomes liquid.
- Precipitation: Discharge of water from clouds.
- Infiltration: Water absorption into soil.
- Runoff: Excess rainwater flowing over the ground.
- Evapo-transpiration: Water evaporating from plant leaves.
- Melting: Transition of solids to liquid.
- Groundwater Flow: Movement of water underground due to gravity.
- Advection: Horizontal water movement in various states.
Groundwater Reservoirs
- Major groundwater reservoirs include Northeast Luzon, Central Luzon, Laguna Lake basin, and others across the Philippines.
Water Usage by Sector
- Agricultural sector: Approximately 86% of water usage.
- Commerce and industry: Around 8%.
- Domestic use: About 6%.
Definition of Terms
- Bottled Water: Sealed water for human consumption.
- Potable Water: Safe drinking and cooking water.
- Raw Water: Untreated surface or groundwater.
- Fresh Water: Contains less than 500 ppm dissolved salts.
- Surface Water: Exposed to the atmosphere with surface runoff.
- Wastewater: Polluted liquid waste.
- Groundwater: Water beneath the soil surface.
- Leachate: Contaminated water from disposal sites.
- Hard Water: High mineral content, particularly calcium and magnesium.
- Black Water: Waste from toilets.
- Gray Water: Waste from sinks and showers.
- Storm Water: Rainwater runoff from buildings.
Classification of Water Sources
- Rain or Atmospheric Water: Primary form of precipitation.
- Surface Water: Combination of surface runoff and groundwater.
- Groundwater: Rainwater that has infiltrated and percolated through the ground.
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Description
Test your knowledge about the properties, states, and uses of water in this informative quiz. Explore questions covering the composition of pure water, its behavior when frozen, and the water cycle. Ideal for anyone looking to enhance their understanding of this essential resource.
