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Questions and Answers
What phenomenon is characterized by unusually cool sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern Pacific Ocean?
What phenomenon is characterized by unusually cool sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern Pacific Ocean?
Which of the following processes involves the conversion of water from gas to liquid?
Which of the following processes involves the conversion of water from gas to liquid?
What is the primary effect of La Niña on Southeast Asia and Australia?
What is the primary effect of La Niña on Southeast Asia and Australia?
Which process describes water entering the soil surface?
Which process describes water entering the soil surface?
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What transformation occurs during snowmelt in the hydrologic cycle?
What transformation occurs during snowmelt in the hydrologic cycle?
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What is the primary reason for the existence of water on Earth?
What is the primary reason for the existence of water on Earth?
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What percentage of Earth's water is made up of saltwater in oceans?
What percentage of Earth's water is made up of saltwater in oceans?
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What components are considered constant in the Earth's atmosphere?
What components are considered constant in the Earth's atmosphere?
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Which state of water is NOT one of the three primary states in which water exists?
Which state of water is NOT one of the three primary states in which water exists?
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In which layer of the atmosphere does weather occur?
In which layer of the atmosphere does weather occur?
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What primarily drives the movement of water in the hydrologic cycle?
What primarily drives the movement of water in the hydrologic cycle?
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What source accounts for the majority of Earth's freshwater?
What source accounts for the majority of Earth's freshwater?
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Which statement about water vapor is correct?
Which statement about water vapor is correct?
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Which of the following is the least significant source of water on Earth?
Which of the following is the least significant source of water on Earth?
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What percentage of freshwater is stored in glaciers and ice caps?
What percentage of freshwater is stored in glaciers and ice caps?
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What is the main effect of the El Niño phenomenon?
What is the main effect of the El Niño phenomenon?
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What is the altitude range of the hot layer of the atmosphere where auroras occur?
What is the altitude range of the hot layer of the atmosphere where auroras occur?
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Which of the following correctly represents the significance of atmospheric water?
Which of the following correctly represents the significance of atmospheric water?
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What term describes the scientific study of the atmosphere, weather, and climate?
What term describes the scientific study of the atmosphere, weather, and climate?
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What describes the variable components of the Earth's atmosphere?
What describes the variable components of the Earth's atmosphere?
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What is the role of the ozone layer in the atmosphere?
What is the role of the ozone layer in the atmosphere?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Hydrology
- Hydrology is the branch of physical geography focused on studying water.
- Hydrology examines the existence, distribution, and movement of water.
- Water is essential for life on Earth.
Existence of Water
- Water likely existed on Earth from its early formation (around 4.5 billion years ago).
- Two primary mechanisms for water formation are outgassing from volcanic activity and delivery by comets and asteroids.
- Earth's position within the "habitable zone" of the sun allowed liquid water to exist and persist.
- Water exists on Earth in three states: solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (water vapor).
- Reservoirs of water include oceans, glaciers, rivers, lakes, groundwater, and the atmosphere.
Distribution of Water
- Oceans hold about 97.5% of Earth's water, which is generally unsuitable for direct human use.
- Freshwater makes up only 2.5%, with a significant portion (about 68.7%) locked in glaciers and ice caps.
- Groundwater accounts for about 30.1% of freshwater, followed by rivers and lakes (about 1.2%).
- Atmospheric water, in the form of water vapor, plays a critical role in weather and climate systems.
Sources of Water
- Atmospheric water comes from precipitation (rain, snow, etc.).
- Surface water includes lakes, rivers, seas, and oceans.
- Subsurface water is groundwater.
Earth's Atmosphere
- The atmosphere is an envelope of gases surrounding the Earth, held in place by gravity.
- It's composed of clean dry air, water vapor, and impurities.
- Key components include Nitrogen (78.08%), Oxygen (20.95%), and Argon (0.93%).
- Other components like Water Vapor, Carbon Dioxide, Methane, vary over time and location.
- The atmosphere has different layers: Exosphere, Thermosphere, Mesosphere, Stratosphere, and Troposphere
Water Vapor
- Water vapor is water in its gaseous form.
- It's created by evaporation from water bodies (oceans, rivers) and sublimation from ice.
- Water vapor accounts for 0-4% of the atmosphere by volume.
- It's a significant agent or medium for heat transfer in the atmosphere.
- Polar regions have less water vapor than equatorial regions.
The Hydrologic Cycle
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The hydrologic cycle describes the continuous movement of water through the Earth's system.
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It's driven by solar energy and gravity.
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Processes in the cycle include evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, runoff, infiltration, and groundwater flow.
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The movement of water through the cycle is dynamic, with variability in time and over geographic areas.
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Examples of variation include droughts, torrential rains, and climate patterns like El Niño and La Niña.
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El Niño is a climate phenomenon where sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern Pacific become unusually warm, sometimes affecting global weather patterns.
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La Niña is the opposite, characterized by unusually cool sea surface temperatures in the central and eastern Pacific and also affects the world's weather.
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Water is stored in the atmosphere (water vapor), soil (soil moisture), surface waters (oceans, lakes, rivers), plants and animals, and groundwater.
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Changes of state are an essential part of the water cycle and include liquid to gas (evaporation/transpiration). Liquid to solid (freezing). Gas to liquid (condensation). Solid to Liquid (Melting/snowmelt).
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Description
Test your knowledge on the hydrologic cycle and water properties with this comprehensive quiz. Explore key concepts such as La Niña, water's physical states, and the Earth's freshwater sources. Perfect for students studying environmental science and hydrology!
