Water Properties and Pressure

Water Properties

• Hydrostatic pressure is a key concept in water properties
• Torricelli's Law describes the relationship between head pressure and velocity head
• Velocity head is the energy of a fluid due to its motion
• Velocity pressure is the pressure exerted by a fluid in motion at a constant laminar velocity

Flow Rates and Pressure Drops

• Flow rates and pressure drops are related concepts in hydraulics
• Calculating pressure loss due to friction is an important concept
• Bernoulli's Principle describes the relationship between pressure and velocity in a fluid

Particulates and Gases

• The periodic table of elements is a fundamental concept in particulates and gases
• Atomic number, atomic mass, and atomic weight are key concepts in chemistry
• Moles, molecules, and compounds are basic units of measurement in chemistry
• Chemical formulas and atomic weights of compounds are important concepts
• Acids, bases, and pH's are key concepts in chemistry
• Gas laws, including Boyle's Law, Charles' Law, and the Ideal Gas Law, describe the behavior of gases
• Conversion factors for pressure units and volume units are important for calculations
• The universal gas constant is a fundamental constant in chemistry

Concentrations of Vapors, Gases, and Particulates

• Standard temperature and pressure (STP) are reference conditions for gas measurements
• Time-weighted average (TWA) is a method for calculating exposure limits
• Calculating PELs/TLVs for periods greater than 8 hours is an important concept
• Gaseous mixtures and liquid mixtures are key concepts in particulates and gases
• Lower flammability limits of mixtures are important for safety calculations

Electricity Basis

• Voltage, current, and resistance are fundamental concepts in electricity

• Series and parallel circuits are key concepts in electricity

• Direct and alternating currents are types of electrical currents

• Ohm's Laws describe the relationships between voltage, current, and resistance

• Capacitors, inductors, and resistors are key components in electrical circuits

• Electrical shock hazard, burns, and electrical fires are safety concerns in electricity

• Controlling electrical hazards through safety practices and equipment is important### Excavation and Soil Classifications

• Soil classifications are essential in excavation

• Protective systems are necessary in excavation, including sloping, shoring, shields, and RPE-designed protective systems

Electrical Safety in Construction

• Electrical definitions: voltage, current, resistance
• Electrical injuries: electrical shock, burns, falls
• Controlling electrical hazards: exposed electrical parts, overhead power lines, inadequate wiring, defective or damaged cords and wires, use of flexible cords, improper grounding, ground fault circuit interrupters, assured equipment grounding conductor program, overloaded circuits

Electrical Definitions and Concepts

• Voltage, current, resistance
• Series and parallel circuits
• Direct and alternating currents
• Ohm's laws: calculating voltage, current, and resistance in DC and AC circuits
• Resistors: calculating resistance in series and parallel circuits
• Capacitors: calculating capacitance in series and parallel circuits
• Inductors: calculating inductance in series and parallel circuits

Electrical Hazards and Safety

• Electrical shock hazard
• Burns caused by electricity: arc blasts, electrical fires
• Controlling electrical hazards: safety-related work practices, planning, training

Accident Causation and Investigation

• Heinrich's axioms of industrial safety
• Human factors theory
• Accident and incident theory
• Epidemiological theory
• Systems theory
• Energy release theory
• Behavior theory
• Combination theory
• Modern causation model: operating errors, systems defects, command error, safety program defect, safety management errors

Accident Investigation Procedures

• Purpose of the investigation
• Investigation procedures: fact-finding, interviews, problem-solving techniques
• Accident investigation techniques: the scientific method, gross hazard analysis, job safety analysis, failure modes and effects analysis, fault tree analysis, multilinear events sequencing method

Scaffolds and Fall Protection

• Fall hazards: falling object (struck by) protection
• Elements of safe scaffold construction: scaffolding training requirements
• Fall protection and prevention: physics of a fall, fall prevention and protection, guardrails, positioning device system, warning line systems, controlled access zone system, safety monitoring system, personal fall arrest system, safety net systems

Cranes and Derrick Safety

• Cranes and derrick safety (29 CFR 1926.550)

Welding, Cutting, and Brazing

• Oxygen-fuel gas welding and cutting: fuel gas and oxygen manifolds, hoses, torches, regulators and gauges, oil and grease hazards
• Arc welding and cutting: manual electrode holders, welding cables and connectors, ground returns and machine grounding
• Resistance welding
• Fire prevention (29 CFR 1926.352)
• Ventilation and protection in welding, cutting, and heating (29 CFR 1926.353)

Hand and Power Tool Safety

• Abrasive grinders: wheel testing, the ring test, the vibration test
• Portable circular saws
• Compressed air systems
• Housekeeping (29 CFR 1926.25)### Excavation and Soil Classifications
• Excavation is a critical aspect of construction, and soil classifications are essential to ensure safe excavation practices.
• Soil classifications are categorized into different types, including sloping, shoring, shields, and RPE-designed protective systems.

Protective Systems

• Sloping involves cutting the soil at a specific angle to prevent collapse.
• Shoring involves installing supports to prevent soil collapse.
• Shields (trench boxes) are used to protect workers from soil collapse.
• RPE-designed protective systems are customized systems designed to prevent soil collapse.

Safe Entry and Exit

• Safe entry and exit procedures are crucial to prevent accidents in excavations.
• Procedures include ensuring proper access and egress, wearing personal protective equipment (PPE), and maintaining a safe atmosphere.

Electrical Safety in Construction

• Electrical safety is a critical aspect of construction, as electrical hazards can cause serious injuries and fatalities.
• Electrical definitions include electrical shock, burns, and falls.
• Electrical injuries can be caused by exposed electrical parts, overhead power lines, inadequate wiring, defective or damaged cords and wires, and overloaded circuits.

Controlling Electrical Hazards

• Controlling electrical hazards involves implementing safety measures, such as:
  • Exposed electrical parts: ensuring proper insulation and guarding.
  • Overhead power lines: maintaining a safe distance and using protective equipment.
  • Inadequate wiring: ensuring proper wiring and connections.
  • Defective or damaged cords and wires: regularly inspecting and replacing cords and wires.
  • Overloaded circuits: ensuring proper load calculations and using circuit breakers.

Scaffolds and Fall Protection

• Scaffolds are used to support workers during construction, and proper scaffolding is crucial to prevent falls.
• Fall hazards include falling objects, falling from heights, and falling through openings.
• Fall protection measures include:
  • Guardrails: preventing falls from heights.
  • Positioning device systems: securing workers to the scaffold.
  • Warning line systems: warning workers of fall hazards.
  • Controlled access zone systems: limiting access to areas with fall hazards.
  • Safety monitoring systems: monitoring workers for fall hazards.

Cranes and Derrick Safety

• Cranes and derricks are used to lift heavy loads, and proper safety measures are crucial to prevent accidents.
• Safety measures include regular inspections, proper load calculations, and ensuring proper operation and maintenance.

Welding, Cutting, and Brazing

• Welding, cutting, and brazing involve the use of heat and flames, and proper safety measures are crucial to prevent fires and injuries.
• Safety measures include:
  • Oxygen-fuel gas welding and cutting: ensuring proper ventilation and fire prevention.
  • Fuel gas and oxygen manifolds: ensuring proper connections and storage.
  • Hoses: ensuring proper maintenance and inspection.
  • Torches: ensuring proper maintenance and inspection.
  • Regulators and gauges: ensuring proper maintenance and inspection.

Hand and Power Tool Safety

• Hand and power tools are used in various construction tasks, and proper safety measures are crucial to prevent injuries.
• Safety measures include:
  • Abrasive grinders: ensuring proper wheel testing and ring testing.
  • Portable circular saws: ensuring proper training and maintenance.
  • Compressed air systems: ensuring proper training and maintenance.

Particulates and Gases

• Particulates and gases are hazardous substances found in construction environments, and proper safety measures are crucial to prevent injuries.
• Safety measures include:
  • Understanding the properties of particulates and gases, including atomic number, atomic mass, and chemical bonding.
  • Understanding gas laws, including Boyle's Law, Charles' Law, and the Ideal Gas Law.
  • Calculating concentrations of vapors, gases, and particulates.
  • Understanding standards and regulations for particulates and gases.

Water Properties

• Water properties are critical in construction, as they affect the behavior of fluids and the stability of structures.
• Water properties include hydrostatic pressure, Torricelli's Law, head pressure, velocity head, and flow rates.

Accident Causation and Investigation

• Accident causation involves understanding the root causes of accidents, including human factors, systems defects, and energy release.
• Accident investigation techniques include:
  • The Domino Theory: understanding the sequence of events leading to an accident.
  • Heinrich's Axioms of Industrial Safety: understanding the relationship between accidents and near-misses.
  • Human Factors Theory: understanding human behavior and errors.
  • Systems Theory: understanding the role of systems in accidents.
  • Energy Release Theory: understanding the role of energy release in accidents.
  • Behavior Theory: understanding human behavior and motivations.
  • Combination Theory: understanding the combination of factors leading to accidents.

Accident Investigation Procedures

• Accident investigation procedures involve:
  • Purpose of the investigation: determining the cause of the accident.
  • Investigation procedures: gathering evidence, interviewing witnesses, and analyzing data.
  • Fact-finding: determining the facts of the accident.
  • Problem-solving techniques: using techniques such as the scientific method, gross hazard analysis, and job safety analysis to identify root causes.
  • Report of investigation: documenting the findings and recommendations.

Test your knowledge of water properties, hydrostatic pressure, Torricelli's Law, head pressure, and velocity head. Understand the concepts and applications of water pressure in various fields.