Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the main function of the sodium-potassium pump?
What is the main function of the sodium-potassium pump?
Which fluid compartment contains cerebrospinal fluid, lymph, and peritoneal fluid among others?
Which fluid compartment contains cerebrospinal fluid, lymph, and peritoneal fluid among others?
What is the force exerted by fluid against a wall that causes movement between compartments?
What is the force exerted by fluid against a wall that causes movement between compartments?
What is the term used for the production of excess urine?
What is the term used for the production of excess urine?
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Which electrolyte is essential for nerve impulse conduction and muscle function?
Which electrolyte is essential for nerve impulse conduction and muscle function?
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What happens to ADH production in a dehydrated person?
What happens to ADH production in a dehydrated person?
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What can cause hypokalemia?
What can cause hypokalemia?
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What is a common symptom of hyperkalemia?
What is a common symptom of hyperkalemia?
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What characterizes hypophosphatemia?
What characterizes hypophosphatemia?
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How does the respiratory system regulate pH?
How does the respiratory system regulate pH?
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What can lead to hypercalcemia?
What can lead to hypercalcemia?
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Which electrolyte imbalance is associated with cells swelling due to water rushing into the cell?
Which electrolyte imbalance is associated with cells swelling due to water rushing into the cell?
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Study Notes
Water Movement and Composition
- Water moves through semi-permeable membranes by osmosis
- Brain and kidney have the highest proportion of water
- Teeth have the lowest proportion of water
Fluids in the Body
- Intracellular fluid (ICF): all fluid enclosed by plasma membranes, 60% of total water in humans, volume is stable
- Extracellular fluid (ECF): all fluid surrounding cells, 2 possible areas:
- Plasma in blood
- Interstitial fluid (IF) and other fluids like cerebrospinal fluid, lymph, and others (5%)
Sodium-Potassium Pump
- Uses energy provided by ATP to force sodium out of the cell and bring potassium into the cell
- Balances the cell to allow for action potential
Hydrostatic Pressure
- Force exerted by fluid against a wall, which causes movement between compartments
- Important in blood vessels and nephrons
Water Balance
- Take in about 2500ml of fluid each day and generate 230ml metabolically
- Same amount leaves the body each day through urination, skin evaporation, and expelled from the lungs
- Diuresis: production of excess urine, begins about 30 minutes after drinking a lot of water, normal urine production reestablishes in about 3 hours
ADH Production
- Dehydration triggers increased ADH production to conserve water
- ADH helps regulate water balance in the body
Electrolytes
- 6 most important electrolytes: sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate, calcium, and phosphate
Electrolyte Imbalances
- Hyponatremia: low sodium levels, associated with excess water accumulation or injection
- Hypernatremia: high sodium levels, can result from water loss or imbalance of ADH and aldosterone
- Hypokalemia: low potassium levels, may be due to starvation, vomiting, diarrhea, or alkalosis
- Hyperkalemia: high potassium levels, can impair nervous system, muscles, and heart
- Hypochloremia: low chloride levels, due to defective renal tubular absorption, vomiting, diarrhea, and metabolic acidosis
- Hyperchloremia: high chloride levels, due to dehydration, salt intake, drinking sea water, aspirin intoxication, congestive heart failure, and cystic fibrosis
- Hypocalcemia: low calcium levels, may follow removal of thyroid gland
- Hypercalcemia: high calcium levels, seen in hyperparathyroidism and other malignancies
- Hypophosphatemia: low phosphate levels, due to heavy use of antacid, during alcohol withdrawal, and malnourishment
- Hyperphosphatemia: high phosphate levels, due to decreased renal function or acute lymphocytic leukemia
pH Regulation
- Respiratory tract regulates pH by exhaling CO2
- Renal system regulates pH by excreting hydrogen ions and conserving bicarbonate
Acid-Base Imbalances
- Hypercapnia: high blood CO2 levels, can be due to pneumonia, congestive heart failure, or hypoventilation
- Hypocapnia: low blood CO2 levels, due to hyperventilation, elevated room temperatures, fever, or hysteria
- Acidosis: pH below 7.35
- Alkalosis: pH above 7.45
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Description
Test your knowledge on water movement through semi-permeable membranes and osmosis. Learn about the proportion of water in different body parts like the brain, kidney, teeth, and various fluids inside and outside cells.
