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Questions and Answers
Which of the following best describes the role of water as a solvent in the body?
Which of the following best describes the role of water as a solvent in the body?
- It facilitates the transport of undissolved substances through the bloodstream.
- It prevents substances from dissolving, ensuring they remain intact for specific functions.
- It enables the dissolution of substances, allowing for their transport and participation in various processes. (correct)
- It neutralizes acids and bases, maintaining the pH balance without dissolving substances.
The thirst mechanism is a consistently reliable indicator of the body's hydration needs, ensuring that individuals always consume enough fluids before dehydration occurs.
The thirst mechanism is a consistently reliable indicator of the body's hydration needs, ensuring that individuals always consume enough fluids before dehydration occurs.
False (B)
Explain how the body uses electrolytes to regulate fluid balance between intracellular and extracellular spaces.
Explain how the body uses electrolytes to regulate fluid balance between intracellular and extracellular spaces.
Electrolytes create osmotic gradients, influencing water movement. The concentration of ions like sodium, potassium, and chloride dictate where water moves to maintain blood volume and cellular hydration.
The process by which water moves across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration is called ______.
The process by which water moves across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration is called ______.
Match the following scenarios with the likely hormonal response:
Match the following scenarios with the likely hormonal response:
What is the primary function of perspiration in maintaining body temperature?
What is the primary function of perspiration in maintaining body temperature?
Consuming a high-protein diet decreases the amount of urine produced by the kidneys.
Consuming a high-protein diet decreases the amount of urine produced by the kidneys.
What are the potential health risks associated with habitual overconsumption of salt, and how do the kidneys attempt to mitigate these risks?
What are the potential health risks associated with habitual overconsumption of salt, and how do the kidneys attempt to mitigate these risks?
When urine output falls below two cups per day, the urine becomes very concentrated and may increase the risk of developing ______.
When urine output falls below two cups per day, the urine becomes very concentrated and may increase the risk of developing ______.
Match the following urine colors with their corresponding hydration status:
Match the following urine colors with their corresponding hydration status:
Which hormone is released by the pituitary gland to signal the kidneys to conserve water?
Which hormone is released by the pituitary gland to signal the kidneys to conserve water?
Drinking alcohol can help maintain hydration levels due to its water content.
Drinking alcohol can help maintain hydration levels due to its water content.
Explain how excessive water consumption can lead to water toxicity and what its potential consequences are.
Explain how excessive water consumption can lead to water toxicity and what its potential consequences are.
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets standards for water sources, and under the Safe Water Drinking Act, all public water supplies are monitored for ______.
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets standards for water sources, and under the Safe Water Drinking Act, all public water supplies are monitored for ______.
Match the following fluid intake recommendations with the appropriate group:
Match the following fluid intake recommendations with the appropriate group:
Why is water considered an essential nutrient?
Why is water considered an essential nutrient?
Fat tissue has a higher water content compared to lean tissue.
Fat tissue has a higher water content compared to lean tissue.
Describe the circumstances under which the body would shift water from inside the cells (intracellular) to the bloodstream.
Describe the circumstances under which the body would shift water from inside the cells (intracellular) to the bloodstream.
Ions that have an electrical charge and are essential for maintaining fluid balance, nerve function, and muscle contractions are called ______.
Ions that have an electrical charge and are essential for maintaining fluid balance, nerve function, and muscle contractions are called ______.
Match the following electrolytes with their primary location influencing water volume:
Match the following electrolytes with their primary location influencing water volume:
Flashcards
Solvent
Solvent
The substance that dissolves another in a solution.
Solute
Solute
The substance that is dissolved in a solvent.
Intracellular fluid
Intracellular fluid
Fluid inside the cell.
Extracellular fluid
Extracellular fluid
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Electrolytes
Electrolytes
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Osmosis
Osmosis
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Perspiration
Perspiration
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Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
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Aldosterone
Aldosterone
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Study Notes
Importance of Water
- Humans can survive for approximately eight weeks without food, but only a few days without water.
- Water comprises 50-70% of the human body, totaling about ten gallons of fluid.
- Lean tissue has a high water content, while fat tissue contains 20% water.
- A higher percentage of lean body tissue (muscle mass) correlates with a higher total body water content.
Water as a Key Nutrient
- Water is essential for many chemical and metabolic reactions.
- Water functions as a solvent, dissolving other substances.
- A solvent dissolves a solute.
Water Distribution
- Water is found as intracellular fluid (inside the cell)
- Water is found as extracellular fluid (outside the cell) in the blood.
- Ions are minerals with an electrical charge, also known as electrolytes.
- Examples of water-soluble ions include sodium, potassium, chloride, phosphate, magnesium, and calcium.
- Ion concentrations determine water movement inside and outside cells.
- Decreased blood volume causes water to shift from cells to the bloodstream to increase blood volume.
- High blood volume causes water to shift from the bloodstream into cells.
- Osmosis is water movement through a semi-permeable membrane from a less concentrated solute area to a more concentrated one.
- Intracellular water volume depends on potassium and phosphate concentrations.
- Extracellular volume depends on sodium and chloride concentrations.
- Water regulates body temperature, removes waste products, lubricates body parts, and produces saliva, bile, and amniotic fluid.
Perspiration
- Perspiration (sweating) cools the body.
- Sweat is released through skin pores and evaporates.
- The evaporation process requires energy, expending heat from the body, preventing body temperature from rising.
- Without enough fluid, body temperature rises, risking heat cramps, heat stroke, or heat exhaustion.
Water's Role as a Solvent and Waste Removal
- Water as a solvent allows substances to be dissolved, transported, or removed as waste.
- Kidneys filter and excrete about four cups of urine daily.
- Urine production is influenced by protein and sodium intake.
- Increased sodium intake causes fluid retention.
- Excessive salt intake raises blood sodium levels, prompting the kidneys to filter and excrete sodium in urine.
- If kidneys can't filter enough sodium, sodium retains water in the blood and around cells.
- Higher blood volume strain the heart, increasing blood pressure, which can lead to heart disease and stroke.
- Insufficient fluid intake leads to concentrated urine and increases the risk of kidney stones.
- Urine color indicates hydration levels, clear or pale yellow representing adequate hydration and dark yellow indicating dehydration.
- Water intake recommendations consist of 11 cups daily for women and 15 cups for men, with most coming from fluids alone (9 cups for women, 13 cups for men).
Thirst
- Thirst ensures adequate fluid intake, but the thirst mechanism can be unreliable.
- Dehydration can occur before recognizing the need to drink, especially in athletes, individuals with fever, infants, children, and the elderly.
- Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is released by the pituitary gland to signals to the kidneys to conserve water.
- Aldosterone is released by the adrenal glands to signals to the kidneys to retain sodium, which leads to further water retention.
- Ignoring thirst can lead to endurance decline, fatigue, muscle cramps, coma, or death.
Replenishing Water Stores
- Water is the best option, most beverages can be used to replenish water stores including non-caloric beverages, low fat and skim milk, coffee, and tea.
- Alcohol inhibits antidiuretic hormone action, causing dehydration.
- Excessive water intake dilutes blood electrolytes and overwhelms the kidneys, leading to water toxicity and death.
Water Supply
- The U.S. water supply adheres to Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) standards, with public water supplies monitored for contaminants under the Safe Water Drinking Act.
- Local water departments notify the public in case of concerns while providing safety advice.
- Bottled water quality standards are set by the FDA, and they are similar for tap water, providing an affordable alternative.
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