Water in Biology
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Questions and Answers

What is the chemical formula for water?

H2O

What makes water a polar molecule?

Oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen, creating a partial negative charge on the oxygen atom and a partial positive charge on the hydrogen atoms.

What type of bonds are formed between water molecules?

Hydrogen bonds

Which of the following molecules would be considered hydrophilic?

<p>Salt (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a property of water?

<p>Low heat capacity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What allows for capillary action in water?

<p>Cohesion and adhesion. Cohesion is the attraction between water molecules, while adhesion is the attraction between water molecules and other polar surfaces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Energy can be created or destroyed.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between structure and function in biological molecules?

<p>The structure of a molecule determines its function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a biological macromolecule?

<p>Water (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of carbon in biological macromolecules?

<p>Carbon forms four bonds with other atoms, including itself, allowing for the creation of diverse and complex molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following processes involves the removal of a water molecule?

<p>Dehydration synthesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical formula for carbohydrates?

<p>C$<em>6$H$</em>{12}$O$_6$</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a function of carbohydrates?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a polysaccharide?

<p>Glycogen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between starch and cellulose?

<p>Starch is a storage polysaccharide in plants, while cellulose is a structural polysaccharide in plant cell walls. Starch is made up of alpha glucose monomers, while cellulose is made up of beta glucose monomers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of lipids?

<p>Long-term energy storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a saturated fat?

<p>Butter (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a phospholipid?

<p>A type of lipid that has a phosphate group attached to a glycerol backbone and two fatty acid tails.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of steroid?

<p>Insulin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four levels of protein structure?

<p>Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of R groups in amino acids?

<p>R groups determine the chemical properties of each amino acid, impacting how they interact with other amino acids and molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following interactions is NOT involved in tertiary structure?

<p>Peptide bonds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is protein denaturation?

<p>The loss of a protein's three-dimensional structure, resulting in its loss of function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of a nucleotide?

<p>Amino acid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between DNA and RNA?

<p>DNA is a double-stranded helix that stores genetic information, while RNA is a single-stranded molecule that plays a role in protein synthesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following pairs of nitrogenous bases are found in DNA?

<p>Both A and C (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells?

<p>Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of a prokaryotic cell?

<p>Fungi (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of ribosomes?

<p>Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis, translating the genetic code from mRNA into a chain of amino acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main types of functional groups?

<p>Polar and non-polar functional groups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following functional groups is non-polar?

<p>Methyl (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a hydroxyl group?

<p>A hydrogen atom and an oxygen atom bonded together (OH).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between a carbonyl group and a carboxyl group?

<p>A carboxyl group is a carbonyl group with a hydroxyl group attached to the same carbon atom (COOH).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an amino group?

<p>A nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms (NH2).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a phosphate group?

<p>A phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms (PO4).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a sulfhydryl group?

<p>A sulfur atom bonded to a hydrogen atom (SH).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bonds form between water molecules?

<p>Hydrogen bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which describes molecules that interact well with water?

<p>Hydrophilic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the attraction between water molecules?

<p>Cohesion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the attraction between a water molecule and another polar surface?

<p>Adhesion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ability of water to dissolve other substances called?

<p>Solvency</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ice is less dense than liquid water.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process allows water to travel upwards against gravity?

<p>Capillary action</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is energy?

<p>The ability to do work.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The principle of conservation of energy states that energy can be created or destroyed.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the phrase "structure=function" mean in biology?

<p>The structure of a molecule or cell determines its specific function, and changes in structure can alter or eliminate function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a biological macromolecule?

<p>Water (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What element forms the backbone of biological macromolecules?

<p>Carbon</p> Signup and view all the answers

What terms describe the small units and large chains formed from these units in macromolecules?

<p>Monomer, Polymer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process forms a bond between two monomers?

<p>Dehydration synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the general chemical formula for carbohydrates?

<p>C6H12O6</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a function of carbohydrates?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the monomers of carbohydrates called?

<p>Monosaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which polysaccharide stores glucose in plants?

<p>Starch (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which polysaccharide stores glucose in animals?

<p>Glycogen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which polysaccharide serves as a structural component in plant cell walls?

<p>Cellulose (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of linkage bonds monosaccharides together?

<p>Glycosidic linkage</p> Signup and view all the answers

What macromolecule category includes fats and oils?

<p>Lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Water in Biology

  • Water's chemical formula is H₂O.
  • Biological systems largely consist of water, with interactions involving it vital for life.
  • Water's polarity stems from oxygen's electronegativity, making the oxygen side slightly negative and the hydrogens slightly positive.
  • Hydrogen bonds—weak attractions between water molecules—result from this polarity, crucial for water's properties.
  • Hydrophilic molecules interact favorably with water; hydrophobic molecules do not.
  • Cohesion describes hydrogen bonds between water molecules; adhesion describes bonds between water and other polar surfaces.
  • Cohesion leads to surface tension, making water's surface difficult to break.
  • Water's polarity and hydrogen bonds give it high solvency, dissolving many substances, a "universal solvent".
  • Ice is less dense than liquid water due to hydrogen bonding, a key factor in aquatic life, allowing life beneath the ice.
  • Water's high specific heat and high heat of vaporization help regulate temperature, essential for homeostasis.
  • Capillary action combines cohesion and adhesion to allow water to move against gravity in narrow tubes.
  • Water is essential for all biological environments and interactions.

Biological Macromolecules

  • Macromolecules are essential for an organism’s function, and are made up of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and other elements.
  • Carbon is central to macromolecule structure, forming up to four covalent bonds, creating carbon skeletons.
  • A monomer is a single unit in a macromolecule.
  • Polymers are large molecules formed by joining monomers.

Carbohydrates

  • Carbohydrate chemical formula is C₆H₁₂O₆.
  • Carbohydrate elements are carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
  • Carbohydrates function as energy storage, structural materials, and raw materials.

Types of Carbohydrates

  • Monosaccharides are simple sugars, the monomers of carbohydrates.
  • Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates like starch, glycogen, cellulose, and chitin, consisting of many monosaccharides.
  • Glucose is a common monosaccharide; isomers have identical formulas but different structures.
  • Starch is a plant energy storage polysaccharide (linear); glycogen is an animal energy storage polysaccharide (branched).
  • Cellulose forms plant cell walls (linear, with beta linkages); chitin is found in exoskeletons and fungal cell walls (beta structure).
  • Alpha glucose forms starch and glycogen; beta glucose forms cellulose and chitin.
  • Glycosidic linkages are covalent bonds between monosaccharides, formed by dehydration synthesis.

Lipids

  • Lipids are mainly composed of carbon and hydrogen, with some oxygen.
  • Fats are made up of glycerol and fatty acid tails, functioning in long-term energy storage, insulation, and cushioning.
  • Ester linkages bind glycerol to fatty acids.
  • Saturated fats have no C=C double bonds (straight chains); unsaturated fats have C=C double bonds (bent chains).
  • Phospholipids are key components of cell membranes. (glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate group).
  • Steroids have four fused carbon rings and include cholesterol, which is crucial for cell membranes.

Proteins

  • Proteins are highly diverse biological macromolecules composed of CHON and sometimes sulfur.
  • Amino acids are the monomer units of proteins, with each distinct R group, which determines function.
  • Polypeptides are polymers of amino acids.
  • Peptide bonds link amino acids.
  • The polypeptide backbone is the repeating N-C-C sequence in a protein chain.
  • N-terminus and C-terminus are the ends of a polypeptide chain.
  • A protein's primary structure is its unique amino acid sequence.
  • The secondary structure involves local folding like alpha helices and beta pleated sheets.
  • Tertiary structure is the overall 3-D shape of a polypeptide, determined by interactions of R groups like hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, and disulfide bridges.
  • Quaternary structure describes interactions between multiple polypeptide chains in a protein.
  • Denaturation is a protein's loss of shape and function due to changes in pH, temperature, or salt.

Nucleic Acids

  • Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) store and transmit genetic information.
  • Nucleic acids consist of CHONP.
  • Nucleotides are the monomers of nucleic acids (sugar + phosphate + nitrogenous base).
  • DNA is a double helix with antiparallel strands composed of deoxyribose.
  • DNA bases are adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine (A-T, G-C).
  • RNA is single-stranded and contains ribose and the nitrogenous bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil.

Cell Structure

  • Cells are the basic units of life.
  • Prokaryotic cells are smaller and lack a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles.
  • Eukaryotic cells are larger and complex, containing a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
  • Organelles are specialized cell components with specific functions.
  • Ribosomes are involved in protein synthesis; they are comprised of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins in large and small subunits.

Energy in Biological Systems

  • Energy is the ability to do work, needed for all living systems and organisms to function.
  • Energy is conserved, not created or destroyed. Organisms take in energy from the environment.
  • Structure and function are related. Changes in structure can lead to changes in function.

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Explore the essential role of water in biological systems through this quiz. Understand its chemical properties, interactions involving polarity, and how it affects various biological processes. Test your knowledge on topics such as cohesion, adhesion, and the unique characteristics of water that support life.

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