Water in Animal Nutrition

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Questions and Answers

What is a consequence of severe water restriction in animals?

  • Increased feed intake
  • Marked drop in urine and fecal water excretion (correct)
  • Enhanced productivity
  • Improved muscle movements

Which environmental factor can directly affect an animal's water consumption?

  • Growth rate
  • Salt level
  • Temperature (correct)
  • Pregnancy status

What is a common problem associated with poor water quality?

  • Salt poisoning (correct)
  • Increased muscle growth
  • Reduced animal irritability
  • Enhanced palatability

What system of measurement might indicate water quality issues in livestock?

<p>TDS water quality test pen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What behavioral change is likely in animals experiencing moderate water restriction?

<p>Heightened irritability and bad temper (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the total water in the animal body is considered intracellular water?

<p>65% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of water in the animal body?

<p>Energy storage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason animals require an ad-libitum supply of water?

<p>To maintain hydration and physiological balance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which fluid is NOT classified as extracellular water?

<p>Intracellular fluid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of water turnover in animals?

<p>To ensure constant hydration through facilitation of intake and loss (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following contributes to water loss in animals?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the animal body is made up of water?

<p>60-70% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT affect water quality in the animal body?

<p>Temperature of the environment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of total water does extracellular water represent in the animal body?

<p>35% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which source of water is produced as an end product of metabolism?

<p>Metabolic water (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT affect water turnover rate in animals?

<p>Age (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How much metabolic water is produced per 100 grams of carbohydrate metabolized in animals?

<p>60 grams (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is NOT a function of water in the animal body?

<p>Maintaining pH levels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the general water consumption rate for animals relative to dry matter consumed?

<p>3-4 g water/g DM (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario is likely to increase water excretion from the animal body?

<p>Ingestion of NaCl (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is considered a dietary factor affecting water requirements?

<p>Type of the diet (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Water Restriction

  • Moderate water restriction can lead to a loss in body weight, increased pulse and rectal temperature, increased respiration rate, reduced productivity, and haemo-concentration.
  • Animals become irritable and bad tempered.
  • Severe water restriction can lead to difficulty in muscular movements, a marked drop in urine and faecal water excretion, prostration, and death if deprivation persists.

Water Quality

  • Poor water quality can affect consumption, productivity, and animal health.
  • Common issues include salt poisoning, refusal to drink, diarrhoea, and reduced production.
  • Substances such as salts, pathogenic organisms, algae, and pesticides can pollute water supplies and affect palatability.

Water in Animal Nutrition

  • Water is an essential chemical for life.
  • All species need an ad-libitum supply of clean drinking water.
  • Water constitutes about 60-70% of the animal body.

Sources of Water

  • Animals obtain water from drinking, free-water in feed, and metabolic water.

Metabolic Water

  • Metabolic water is produced as a byproduct of the oxidation of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
  • It represents a small portion of total water intake compared to drinking water and water content in feed.
  • The body produces approximately 110g of water per 100g of fat, 40g of water per 100g of protein, and 60g of water per 100g of carbohydrate.

Functions of Water

  • Water is essential for metabolism, acting as a universal solvent to facilitate biochemical reactions involved in digestion, absorption, and transportation of nutrients.
  • It aids in the excretion of waste products through urine, feces, and sweat.
  • Water plays a role in regulating body temperature.
  • It is essential for milk and egg production.
  • Water and minerals work together to regulate body fluids.
  • Water is a transport medium within the body, carrying nutrients and oxygen to cells and removing waste products.

Water Requirements and Consumption

  • Animals typically consume 3-4g of water per gram of dry matter consumed.
  • This amount can increase during heat stress.

Water Losses

  • Water is lost from the body through urine, feces, lungs, skin surface, milk, and egg production.

Water Turnover

  • Water turnover refers to the rate at which body water is excreted and replenished in the tissues.
  • Turnover in cattle is approximately 3.5 days.
  • Non-ruminant species may have a faster turnover rate due to lower water content in the gastrointestinal tract.
  • Species that tolerate greater water restriction, such as camels and some sheep breeds, have lower turnover rates compared to species like horses and European cattle.
  • Water turnover is influenced by species, climatic factors (temperature and humidity), and ingestion of compounds like NaCl, which can increase urinary or fecal excretion.

Factors Affecting Water Requirements

Animal Factors

  • Age
  • Species
  • Breeds
  • Body size
  • Growth rate
  • Salt level
  • Pregnancy
  • Lactation
  • Activity Level

Dietary Factors

  • Type of diet (green or dry)
  • Dry matter intake
  • Composition of the diet

Distribution of Water in the Body

  • Intracellular water: Located inside cells, constituting approximately 65% of total body water.
  • Extracellular water: Encompasses interstitial fluids (between cells or body parts), blood plasma, lymph, synovial, and cerebrospinal fluids. It represents about 35% of total body water.

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