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Questions and Answers
What is responsible for surface tension?
Which cells are responsible for conducting water from roots to shoots in plants?
What is the function of guard cells in plants?
Which kidney structure contains nephrons responsible for reabsorption and secretion?
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What do animals excrete that varies in toxicity and cost to produce?
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What does the large intestine primarily absorb from waste?
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Which statement best describes the difference between osmoregulators and osmoconformers?
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Which of the following conditions would cause an animal cell to lose water?
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Which of the following is NOT a requirement for organisms to maintain homeostasis?
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What is the primary driving force for transpiration in plants?
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In the context of homeostasis, what does the term 'stable internal physiological state' refer to?
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What is the relationship between water potential and transpiration in plants?
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Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of parietal cells in the digestive process?
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Which of the following mechanisms enables animals to digest food without harming their own tissues?
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Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of hormones in the digestive process?
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Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of electrical signaling in the digestive process?
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Which of the following statements accurately describes the process of mechanical digestion in the mouth?
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Study Notes
Water and Transport
- Cohesion: ability of like molecules to stick together, responsible for surface tension
- Adhesion: ability of dissimilar molecules to stick together, active force between water and other surfaces
- Both cohesion and adhesion are responsible for capillary action
- Xylem conducts water from roots to shoots, with two types: Tracheids and vessels
- Tracheids and vessels are tubular, elongated cells with hardened lignin cell walls, dead at maturity
Transpiration and Plant Water Balance
- Transpiration: water is passively transported into the roots and then into the xylem
- Plants have air spaces to prevent overfilling with water, but this causes water loss
- Plants need water for several reasons, including stomata (pores on the plant's surface)
- Stomata are surrounded by specialized cells called guard cells
- Plants balance CO2 uptake and water loss by controlling the opening and closing of stomata
Kidney Function and Nephron
- A single kidney contains 1,000,000 nephrons
- Functions of the nephron: reabsorption (goes back into the blood) and secretion (leaves the body in the urine)
- Renal function loop of Henle
Nitrogenous Waste, Salt and Water Exchanges
- Animals excrete three forms of nitrogenous waste that vary in toxicity and cost to produce
- Salt and water exchanges with the environment can disturb salt-water balance
- Many vital processes have the potential to disturb salt-water balance
Energy, Nutrition, and Digestion
- Large intestine absorbs water from waste
- Energy, nutrition, and digestion involve obtaining energy, water, and nutrients from the external environment
- Organisms must get rid of toxic gas, sense and respond to external and internal environments, and regulate all of the above
Osmoregulation and Homeostasis
- Osmoregulators regulate salt and water inside their bodies to maintain internal balance regardless of environment
- Osmoconformers let salt and water into their system to be similar to their environment
- Animal cells maintain their volume by maintaining a cytosol (intracellular fluid) isotonic to the extracellular environment
- Water loss in animal cells can be hypertonic, isotonic, or hypotonic
- Homeostasis: regulation and maintenance of a stable internal physiological state in the face of a changing external environment
Transpiration and Water Balance in Plants
- Water potential and transpiration: water moves from areas of high water potential to areas of lower water potential
- For water to travel from soil through the plant, absorption is necessary
Digestion and Absorption
- The hepatic portal system is involved in digestion and absorption of fats
- Digestion in the small intestine
- Parietal cells use ATP to drive pumps to expel H into the lumen of the gastric gland
- Mechanical and chemical digestion begin in the mouth: teeth grind food into smaller particles
Chemical Signaling and Hormones
- Hormones signals can be amplified
- Hormones and other signaling molecules can be produced by single cells or multicellular structures called glands
- Endocrine system: hormones travel to distant parts of the body (growth) and regulate growth, development, and homeostasis
- Hormones are two types: hydrophilic and hydrophobic molecules
Electrical Signaling
- Neurons transmit information through electrical signals
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Description
Explore the concepts of osmoregulators and osmoconformers, and how they maintain salt and water balance inside their bodies. Learn how animal cells regulate their volume by keeping the cytosol isotonic to the external environment.
