29 Questions
Which term describes a solution with a lower osmotic pressure than another?
Hypoosmotic
What is the term for the control of osmotic pressure in an organism's body fluids?
Osmoregulation
What is the function of the loop of Henle in the nephron?
Reabsorption of water and solutes
Which term describes a solution with the same osmotic pressure as another?
Isoosmotic
What is the term for the removal of metabolic wastes?
Excretion
What are some factors affecting the energetic cost of osmoregulation?
Osmotic gradient, efficiency of transport mechanisms, environmental conditions
What is the main function of the loop of Henle in enhancing water conservation?
Creating a concentration gradient in the medulla
Which nervous system controls renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate?
Autonomic nervous system
Which hormone modulates water reabsorption and electrolyte balance in response to changing body conditions?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
What are antigens and antibodies?
Antigens are molecules that trigger an immune response, while antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system in response to antigens
What is the specific region on an antigen that binds to an antibody or receptor called?
Epitope
What is the main function of T lymphocytes (T cells) in the immune system?
Directly attack infected cells or coordinate immune responses
Active immunity involves:
Response to antigens
What is the main function of clonal selection in adaptive immunity?
To produce a large population of identical cells
Why are lymphocyte antigen receptors tested for self-reactivity?
To prevent autoimmune reactions
What is the role of effector cells in adaptive immunity?
To act immediately against the antigen
What is the significance of negative selection of lymphocyte antigen receptors?
To prevent autoimmune reactions
How do B lymphocytes recognize specific antigens?
Via their unique surface receptors
What happens to lymphocytes during clonal selection?
They undergo clonal expansion, producing a large population of identical cells
How does immunological memory provide long-term immunity?
By recognizing the same antigen upon re-exposure
Why can a single antigen provoke a robust humoral response?
Due to clonal selection and expansion
What distinguishes neutralization from opsonization in the immune system?
Neutralization prevents pathogens from entering host cells, while opsonization marks pathogens for phagocytosis
How does the role of MHC contribute to tissue transplant rejection?
MHC molecules present peptides from the transplanted tissue, triggering an immune response if recognized as foreign
What are the key components of an allergic reaction?
IgE antibodies, mast cells, and histamine
What are some mechanisms that pathogens have evolved to evade the host immune response?
Antigenic variation, suppression of host immune function, and mimicry
How do memory B cells contribute to a faster secondary immune response?
By differentiating into antibody-secreting plasma cells
Why does opsonization enhance the recognition and engulfment of pathogens by phagocytic cells?
By coating pathogens with antibodies or complement proteins
What is the primary function of neutralization in the immune system?
To prevent pathogens from entering or damaging host cells
How do pathogens utilize antigenic variation to evade recognition by the immune system?
By altering surface molecules to evade recognition
Test your understanding of osmoregulation terms by distinguishing between isoosmotic, hyperosmotic, and hypoosmotic solutions, as well as the concepts of osmoregulators and osmoconformers.
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