Waste and Resource Management

• Addresses the handling and processing of waste materials and resources.
• Focuses on waste reduction, reuse, and responsible disposal.
• The goal is to minimize environmental impact and maximize resource utilization.

Legal Framework

• Outlines the legal and regulatory requirements for waste and resource management.
• Provides the structure for the waste management in terms of laws.
• Includes the guidelines and standards that need to be followed.

Landfilling

• The Deponieverordnung (DepV) in combination with the Technische Anleitung Siedlungsabfall TASI gives the standards for landfills.
• The selection of a landfill location considers geological and hydrogeological site conditions.
• Requires safety setbacks from sensitive areas
• Considers the risk of earthquakes and floods.
• Requires the creation of barriers TASI.
• Prevents release and spread which requires state of the art tech.
• Groundwater is considered during disposals
• Only inert materials are deposited.
• TL-Gestein-StB focuses on the regulation of building materials.

Waste Hierarchy and Circular Economy Act (KrWG)

• Vermeidung- waste prevention
• Vorbereitung zur Wiederverwendung- preparing for re-use
• Recycling (stoffliche Verwertung) - recycling- material use
• Sonstige Verwertung- other use
• Beseitigung- sending to landfill
• Includes some preventative measures- avoid waste
• Procedures use products for same purposes.
• Provides the generation for some secondary resources.
• The energy is used to generate heat, and electricity.

Limit Values Inert Landfill

• Gas formation potential GB21 in liters per kilogram of dry substance.
• Anaerobic activity is measured using a eudiometer (gasometer).
• Respiration activity AT4 in milligrams of oxygen per gram of dry substance.
• Organic substance consumption measured by O2 consumption using a sapromat.
• Glow loss as a percentage in dry substance and estimates the total carbon content.
• TOC is the Total Organic Carbon amount in mg/l
• Heating value is calculated in kJ/kg.

Biogenic Raw Materials

• Materials can be turned into product based on the process
• Sugar and starch plants go through fermentation to produce biogenic liquid fuel (bioethanol).
• Oil plants are pressed and extracted to get biogenic liquid fuels (biodiesel).
• Organic Waste can be anaerobically digested to create Heat and electricity from biomass biomethane
• Wood and pellet combusted to produce heat and electricity from solid fuel

Energy Units

• Heating value/Brennwert expressed in [kJ/kg].
• Standard combustion energy of the products
• The oil unit or oil equivalent is used as a measure for a quantity of energy.

Goals

• Increase agrobiodiversity for energy sources.
• Energy extraction should make sure resources are limited.
• Increase total dry biomass, by using C4 Plants.
• Changing the ingredients of the plant.

Comparison: C3/C4 Plants

• C4 have more efficient CO2 fixation
• PEP carboxylase enzyme aids fixation
• Better absorption of CO2 is possible
• C4 high photosynthesis
• C4 found in tropical regions needing high energy
• Environment for plant survival

Microorganisms

• Single-celled MO exist for 3.5 Billion Years
• Multicellular MO exist for 750 Million Years
• Most MOs are extremely adaptable- ubiquitour (exist everywhere)
• 3 Domains consist of Bacteria, Archea and Eukaryotes

Eukaryotes

• Are enclosed in Cell Nuclei
• Absorb only dissolved Nährstoffe

Prokaryotes

• Not enclosed in Cell Nuclei
• No Mitochondria in bacteria

Animal and Plant Cells

• There are Zellmembranen, Endoplasmic reticulums, Lysosomes, Golgi etc

Bacterial Cells

• Schleimchicht, Zellwand and Zellkernen

Grampositive Cell Wall

• Multilayer Mureinstoffe and Plamamembran

Gramnegative Cell Wall

• Single layer Mureinhülle, with Zytoplamasma and double membrane

Metabolism

• (Stoffwechsel) encompasses the sum of the biochemical processes.
• Anabolism- is the building of substances with requiring of energy.
• Catabolism- is the breakdown of substances with releasing of energy.

Energy Sources for Bacteria

• Microbes require C, and various other compounds

ATP & Energy Stores

• ATP is required for Stoffwechsel
• Stored in Zellen
• Synthesis of molecules or movement
• ATP is the Energy of the Zelle

Vergleich ATP Aerob & Anaerobe Processes

Enzyme

• Biocatalyst
• Protein based
• Spezific for Best substrate
• Can be Regulated

How Enzyme works

• Enzyme links to Substrat, then releases

Enzykinetik

• Reaction velocity is based on grow rate and the basis of microbial growth.
• Based equation can be used to calculate V

Verfahrenstechnik

Biomasse- Substrat-Ausbeute

Yxs = dx/dS = v/qs

Produktivität des Reaktors

• QPR = Cp/tp = (Cpfinal VL)/(tprep + tprod) VR

Monod-Kinetik

v = (µmaxS)/(ts +S)

Vergärung (Anaerobber Abbas)

• Microbial decay of Organic product or material.
• W/O external Electron-Acceptor
• Oxidationsmittel: NAD+ (high)
• Reductinsmittel: NADPH (low)
• 2 diff. Redox-cofaktoren
• Anaerobic microbial or enzymatic bioconversion process
• Every fermentation is a biological transformation
• Classically referred to as "anaerobic life"

General Anaerobic Degradation

CO2-City-Verhältnis

• Anaerobe degradate is disproportioned
• Ratio is depending on mittlerer Oxidationszahl
• Calculative: milliCSB/TOC. Bilanzieung

1. g CSB mol CH4 = 9,35L CH4, 3/8
2. g TOC = mol (CHut (oz),, CSB/ TOC

Hemmsygeen bei Bildung von Biogas

1. Feststoffgehatt

2. With steigender CSB-Zulafkonzentration: Erhöhung Gefahr der Hemming durch Has.

3. hohe konzentration oxidirten N-Verbindungen (Nitsot Nitrit 4+. NH-kom The efficiency steigers through ph-Level from 6,5-8,2 optimal Co:Subtrate for enzyme

Prozzsasteuerung Anaerob

Ziele: Erezeung von Biogas aus Zielgröße:

• Biologische Stabilisierung
• Erzengay von

• 80%. Vom th. Gospotential nach VDI-Gärfest OTSAbbau von ca. 50-55%

Elinflussparamerter

Hemstoffe

Temperator

•Verschiede Mirkoorganissmenaren foor dem verschiere Temperaturoptima Temperatuspezifsiche Leistngsoptima beins aneroben Abbauprozess TemperatosFenster Leistungspatimum| T-Abbawleisturgs Prowesstrability <5 32-40 t++ ttt t+t4 80-60 ++