War, Terrorism, and Globalization

The nation-state, with its ability to mobilize the entire population and resources, became highly effective in waging war due to its centralized power during the 20th century.

The World Wars of the 20th century revealed that the nation-state's power was limited when facing global conflicts, highlighting the need for international cooperation and alliances.

The unprecedented scale of the World Wars demanded collaboration between multiple nations, forming alliances to overcome the challenges of global warfare.

The development of nuclear weapons introduced a new level of destructive power, forcing a strategic shift toward deterring conflict through the threat of massive retaliation.

Globalization has empowered non-state actors, particularly terrorist groups, to operate across borders and spread violence globally, utilizing communication networks to recruit, spread propaganda, and coordinate attacks.

Terrorist groups have utilized communication networks like the internet and social media to extend their reach and influence beyond geographic boundaries.

ISIS has demonstrated effective utilization of social media platforms to spread propaganda, recruit members, and coordinate attacks, amplifying its reach and influence.

Globalization has fundamentally changed the nature of warfare, enabling non-state actors to operate on a global scale and highlighting the interconnectedness of conflicts.

Transnational Non-Governmental Organizations (TNGOs) significantly impact international relations by shaping international law, norms, and global governance.

TNGOs use information to influence by providing alternative perspectives, raising awareness about global issues and encouraging change.

TNGOs use symbolic actions to gain attention and influence, such as protests, events, and media campaigns.

TNGOs apply pressure through material or moral leverage to achieve their goals, using resources, partnerships, and public pressure.

TNGOs hold states and corporations accountable for their actions, advocating for ethical behavior and transparency.

IPE studies the interaction of politics, economics, and global power, examining how these forces shape the global landscape.

Power exercised by state institutions, like governments and international organizations.

Power held by non-state actors, like corporations, NGOs, and social movements.

A historical process of increasing interconnectedness between people and economies worldwide. Contemporary globalization is often linked to neoliberal policies.

The current phase of globalization, driven by free market ideals and deregulation.

Different ways of understanding how power and global economic processes operate, such as liberalism, Marxism, nationalism, constructivism, feminism, and neo-Gramscian theory.

Factors that contribute to the expansion of globalization, including ideas, ideology, institutions, and interest groups like transnational corporations.

IPE approaches that emphasize the role of ideas, power dynamics, and inequalities in shaping globalization.

European colonialism left a lasting impact on war and society in the Global South. Postcolonial states often inherited military forces from colonial powers, which were primarily used for internal security rather than international warfare.

In many postcolonial states, the focus shifted from international warfare (like fighting other countries) to internal security (like controlling internal conflicts and unrest).

The Global War on Terror (GWOT) has blurred the lines between traditional war, policing, and terrorism, making it difficult to define clear distinctions between these activities.

The GWOT has seen an increase in the use of drone strikes and targeted assassinations, raising ethical and legal questions about sovereignty and extrajudicial killings.

Globalization has contributed to the spread of military technology and expertise, impacting the conduct of warfare. Both state and non-state actors have adopted new technologies, like advanced weaponry and surveillance tools.

The future of warfare will likely involve a blending of national, international and global dimensions, making it increasingly complex. The boundaries between internal and external conflicts will likely become more fluid, and non-state actors will continue to play a role.

The development and spread of new military technologies, from advanced weaponry to surveillance tools, have influenced warfare tactics, but have also raised ethical and legal questions about the use of force.

The movement of people who are forced to leave their homes due to conflict, violence, persecution, environmental degradation, or development projects.

Factors that contribute to forced migration, including conflict, environmental degradation, development projects, and human trafficking.

Deterioration of the environment, including climate change, natural disasters, and pollution, leading to displacement.

Economic initiatives like land acquisition for infrastructure or resource extraction that can displace communities.

The exploitation of individuals through forced labor, sexual exploitation, or slavery, forcing them into migration.

The international legal framework and institutions designed to protect refugees and regulate their movements.

A policy adopted by certain nations of not acknowledging their possession of nuclear weapons.

Weapons that can cause widespread death and devastation, including nuclear, chemical, biological, and radiological weapons.

Transnational NGOs (TNGOs) are non-profit organizations that work across borders to address global issues, focusing on areas like human rights, environmental protection, and development. They operate independently of governments and businesses.

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) promotes economic growth and political stability in Southeast Asia by facilitating cooperation between member countries, fostering regional integration, and addressing common challenges.

The United Nations (UN) was established after World War II to promote peace and security, address global challenges, protect human rights, and support sustainable development. It acts as a platform for international dialogue and cooperation.

The UN has key organs responsible for specific functions: the General Assembly (policymaking), the Security Council (peace and security), the Secretariat (administration), the Economic and Social Council (economic and social development), the International Court of Justice (legal disputes), and the Trusteeship Council (overseeing territories).

The UN faces challenges like reconciling national interests with global goals, balancing state sovereignty with international intervention, and managing conflicts effectively. It also struggles to address global issues like climate change and poverty.

Calls for reform often focus on the Security Council, urging changes to its composition and decision-making process to create a more representative and effective organization. This aims to enhance the UN's ability to address global issues.

The SDGs are a set of 17 goals with specific targets adopted in 2015 to address global challenges related to poverty, inequality, climate change, and other issues. They aim to achieve a just and sustainable future for all.

An international agreement under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) aimed at limiting global warming to well below 2°C, preferably to 1.5°C, compared to pre-industrial levels. It encourages countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and adapt to the impacts of climate change.