Fogarty: Explaining War
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Questions and Answers

What is one of the primary benefits of using a dispassionate empirical approach when studying war?

  • It promotes internal unrest and civil war.
  • It avoids looking at human activity, focusing instead on theoretical constructs.
  • It relies heavily on ideological formulas to improve understanding.
  • It helps to keep discussions about war grounded in reality rather than abstract ideals. (correct)

    • What is a key limitation when defining 'war' for empirical study?

  • External sources are not available to properly define warfare.
  • Defining war is easy because its characteristics are fixed.
  • Decisions about what counts as war must be made on somewhat arbitrary grounds. (correct)
  • Definitions are universally agreed upon and leave no room for interpretation.

    • What is the minimum threshold of battle-connected deaths that Small and Singer used to classify a dispute as a war?

  • 100 deaths
  • 500 deaths
  • 5,000 deaths
  • 1,000 deaths (correct)

    • Which type of conflict is explicitly excluded from Small and Singer's definition of war?

    <p>Internal unrest and civil war</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the poster asking 'What if they gave a war and nobody came?' emphasize?

    <p>Individual participation and responsibility in wars.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the attitude of most citizens and recruits toward war?

    <p>Eagerness or tolerance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How should empirical research of war be regarded?

    <p>As inductive and exploratory in nature.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of inductive work related to war and peace, as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Using databases to determine if democratic states are more peaceful than non-democratic ones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to feminist theory, what is a fundamental assumption of the state system?

    <p>Nations strive to maximize their power and dominance over others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Reardon's term 'war system' encompass?

    <p>The integration of social life under the principles of oppression and domination.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the passage, what do some feminists believe is the first and most fundamental form of structural oppression?

    <p>The oppression of women by men.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the passage characterize the relationship between patriarchy and the military?

    <p>The military builds on and benefits from the ethos of patriarchy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the provided text, what role have women historically played in relation to the military?

    <p>Women have been used as 'camp followers' providing support services.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the text suggest about the use of pornography by the military?

    <p>It is a deeply embedded military value used as recreation for troops.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Enloe, what function do military wives provide?

    <p>They act as emotional support and mechanisms of motivation and control of soldiers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of the passage, what is the significance of 'the other' in the development of conflict?

    <p>'The other' instigates the fear that gives rise to the notion of enemy and the practice of war.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is suggested as a more appropriate baseline for comparing military expenditure?

    <p>The average military expenditure of all the world's nations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following examples is presented as an instance of peaceful group formation?

    <p>The European Union's consolidation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What evidence is presented to suggest that people may not be more aggressive than in the past?

    <p>Barbara Tuchman's account of the violence in the fourteenth century.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Mueller suggest about the long-term trend of warfare?

    <p>Cultural evolution is driving humanity toward greater peacefulness, and warfare is becoming obsolete.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is identified as a key weakness of social Darwinist theory?

    <p>Its inherently historical nature and assumption that past trends will continue indefinitely.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What example is used to illustrate the potential for unexpected interruptions in historical trends?

    <p>The collapse of the Soviet Union.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor do these theories fail to adequately account for in shaping human destiny?

    <p>The role of purposeful human action.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What analogy is used to emphasize the limitations of predicting future societal developments based solely on past trends?

    <p>An observer in the Paleolithic era imagining agriculture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary issue with humans possessing heightened capacity for violence?

    <p>Humans lack innate inhibitions to control the use of artificial weapons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What solution does Lorenz propose to manage human aggression?

    <p>Finding safe outlets for aggression, such as sports and collective efforts against social issues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Freud's perspective on the causes of war?

    <p>War results from the interplay of life-preserving and destructive instincts within the human psyche.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the adaptive value of aggression and violence according to some perspectives?

    <p>Aggression has no specific instinct but common because of its adaptation and survival value.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key transformation does Nisbet (1973) associate with the shift towards larger, territorially-based societies?

    <p>The diminishing significance of kinship as the primary basis of social identity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant weakness in explaining war based solely on individual aggression?

    <p>Aggressive individuals often live peacefully, and war involves the cooperation of many individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a key point discussed?

    <p>The impact of economic inequality on the likelihood of civil wars within nations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the options is identified as a significant consequence of the rise of agriculture and dense living?

    <p>The beginning of the human population explosion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What evidence suggests humans have dramatically altered the Earth's surface due to agriculture?

    <p>Conversion of natural landscapes into monoculture crop fields.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept does Lorenz's proposition of finding harmless channels for aggression closely resemble?

    <p>James's search for a 'moral equivalent to war'.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Mississippian cultures are known for establishing large cities primarily based on what?

    <p>Production and commerce of corn.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the author imply about the relationship between human biological evolution and technological advancement?

    <p>Human technological advancement has outpaced human biological evolution in terms of managing violence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes social organization as a result of 'the fall of kinship'?

    <p>Loyalty of individuals to non-kin leaders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following features serves as evidence of human presence visible from space?

    <p>Nocturnal city lights.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Prior to the agricultural revolution, how were humans characterized in terms of their presence and effects on the world?

    <p>Minor species, thinly dispersed, with little environmental impact.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ancient structures are mentioned as examples of large-scale social integration and organization?

    <p>The Great Wall of China and pyramids of the Nile valley.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What fundamental aspect of human nature is often cited as a primary cause of war?

    <p>Inherent human traits, particularly a propensity toward aggression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Konrad Lorenz drew analogies between human violence and aggressive behavior in other animal species, ultimately concluding that such behavior:

    <p>Is of survival value to the species, aiding in spacing out populations and ensuring only the strongest procreate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which assumption underpins the 'human nature' theory of war, as discussed in the text?

    <p>Aggression might be instinctive or inherent in the human psyche.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to human nature theorists, what role does natural selection play in the development of human aggression?

    <p>Aggression has improved survival chances for individuals, leading to its perpetuation through generations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The human nature perspective suggests aggressiveness in individuals:

    <p>Is programmed due to aggressive ancestors surviving and procreating.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of social Darwinist thinking?

    <p>Traits must have evolved through a process of natural selection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between war and national pride?

    <p>War increases feelings of community and nationalism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is cooperation important when discussing war?

    <p>Cooperation amongst mass individuals makes war possible.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Journal Information

    • Journal Title: War, peace, and the social order
    • Volume: Not specified
    • Issue: Chapter 3
    • Month/Year: 2000
    • Pages: 45-80
    • Article Author: Fogarty, Brian E.
    • Article Title: Explaining War
    • Imprint: primo.exlibrisgroup.com-ALMA-BC
    • Copyright: Protected by Copyright Law (Title: 17 U.S. Code)

    Publication Details

    • Publisher: Westview Press
    • Publication Year: 2000
    • Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
      • ISBN 0-8133-6659-3 (hardcover)
      • ISBN 0-8133-6660-7 (paperback)

    Library Location

    • O'Neill Stacks
    • Boston College

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    Description

    Explore the empirical approach to studying war through this quiz, covering key concepts like definitions, limitations, and the feminist perspective on the state system. Test your knowledge on the significant characteristics and assumptions driving modern war studies.

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