Whatever Happened to Justice Ch 37

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Questions and Answers

What was the primary reason the U.S. supported Saddam Hussein during the Iran-Iraq War?

  • To protect American oil interests
  • To establish a long-term alliance with Iraq
  • To counter Iran's hostility towards the U.S. (correct)
  • To promote democracy in the region

What does the principle of chivalry historically imply about the treatment of non-combatants?

  • They can be targeted if they support the enemy.
  • They are irrelevant to the considerations of combat.
  • They should be protected from deliberate harm. (correct)
  • They are considered enemies in warfare.

Which era showed a marked improvement in the protection of civilian populations during warfare?

  • The Medieval era
  • The 21st century
  • The mid-1800s (correct)
  • The 20th century

How has the perception of chivalry changed from the past to the present?

<p>It has been trivialized and has lost its former significance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What moral dilemma is highlighted regarding advanced weaponry in modern warfare?

<p>It is guided by outdated ethical standards from centuries ago. (B), Operators believe they are morally justified in their actions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key change in warfare practices leading up to the Civil War?

<p>Civilians could safely observe battles without fear. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has largely replaced the moral reasoning that guided earlier warfare practices?

<p>The principle of majority rule. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does collective guilt assume in the context of war?

<p>Everyone in a nation shares responsibility for the actions of a few. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant impact did the reparations have on Germany after World War I?

<p>It caused widespread poverty and unemployment. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the actions of the British and French governments contribute to World War II?

<p>They believed in collective guilt and imposed harsh reparations on Germany. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the unemployment rate in Germany during the Great Depression?

<p>About 40% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What rationale did U.S. officials have for supporting the Shah of Iran despite his dictatorial actions?

<p>He was considered less harmful compared to other dictators. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who rose to power in Germany due to the desperation caused by economic conditions post-World War I?

<p>Adolf Hitler (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is suggested as a common catalyst for war according to the content?

<p>Encroachment and territorial disputes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which historical event led to the British and French governments imposing reparations on Germany?

<p>The signing of the Treaty of Versailles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Collective Guilt

The belief that all members of a group are responsible for the actions of a few, even if they were not involved or opposed to those actions.

Encroachment

The tendency for a nation to expand its territory or influence, often leading to conflict with other nations.

War-Monger

A political leader who uses deception and manipulation to instigate war, often by portraying it as beneficial to the nation's interests.

The Lesser of Two Evils

The idea that it is acceptable to choose a less harmful option, even if that option is still morally questionable.

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Reparations

The act of forcibly taking possession of another nation's property, often as a consequence of war.

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Economic Devastation

The severe weakening of a nation's economy, often due to war or economic policies that cause widespread poverty.

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State Terrorism

The use of threats, intimidation, or violence to suppress dissent or opposition within a nation.

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Inciting War

The act of starting or provoking a war, directly or indirectly, often through political manipulation or military aggression.

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Chivalry

A historical code of honor for soldiers that focused on protecting non-combatants and upholding ethical conduct.

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Civilian Casualties in Warfare

The practice of killing innocent civilians during war, often referred to as collateral damage.

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Moral Reasoning in Warfare

The idea that the deliberate killing of an innocent person is morally wrong, even in the context of war.

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Majority Rule

A system where the majority's decision holds power, sometimes leading to disregard for individual rights and moral considerations.

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Barbarism with Laser-Guided Bombs

The use of advanced technology like laser-guided bombs combined with a lack of ethical consideration for civilian lives.

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From Soldiers to Civilians

The transition from a time when wars primarily involved soldiers to an era where civilians are frequent targets.

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The Unacceptability of Killing Innocents

The ethical principle that the killing of innocent people in war is morally unacceptable, regardless of their nationality or involvement.

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Study Notes

War as an Unsolved Problem

  • War is the worst unsolved problem, involving millions killed annually, violating ethical principles.
  • Eliminating war entirely is improbable; political leaders will always instigate conflict.
  • Deceptive political reasoning is used to gain support for war.
    • Example: historical misrepresentation of national interests.
  • Power acquisition and use are potent motivators for war.
  • Collective guilt, the assumption individuals share blame for actions of others, fuels conflict.
    • Post-World War I Germany faced crushing reparations and collective guilt – harming their economy and fostering resentment.
  • Political encroachment to other countries' affairs can lead to significant conflict:
    • US support of the Shah of Iran (ultimately causing further animosity).

Chivalry and Modern War

  • Chivalry, a code of conduct in war, previously protected non-combatants (children, women, elderly).
  • This was a principle of common law.
  • 20th century saw a decline in chivalry, where civilians were increasingly targeted and killed.
  • Modern warfare uses sophisticated technology yet lacks ethical frameworks.
  • Modern soldiers, operating within command structures, are prepared to commit mass murder without remorse.
  • The concept of "majority rule" is a primitive system replacing ethical standards in modern conflicts.

Historical Examples

  • World War I, resulting in collective guilt and punishment for Germany, setting the stage for WWII.
  • The Shah of Iran was supported for political reasons, and U.S. policy backfired.
  • Saddam Hussein is presented as a similarly detrimental conflict.

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