Wakefield's Definition of Disorder

Altering beliefs can lead individuals to change their behaviors, as thoughts dictate behavior and vice versa, creating a loop of cognitive dissonance.

Unconditional positive regard facilitates acceptance of oneself, promoting growth despite painful feelings which serve as cues for future development.

Creating your own myth allows you to value your individual experiences and lessons, fostering personal meaning and connection to broader narratives.

<p>Art and fiction provide familiar archetypes and stories that resonate with personal experiences, enabling empathy and reducing feelings of isolation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Human behavior is influenced by genetics predisposed towards certain traits which are then shaped and defined by the surrounding environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are more easily recalled because they are linked to significant developmental milestones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The vmPFC, dmPFC, and PCC are involved, supporting the ability to project oneself into different times and places.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It helps derive semantic meaning from episodic events and is essential for avoidance learning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tension memories, particularly those involving mortality or relationships, are most linked to efforts to integrate meaning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wisdom is often defined by negative experiences that yield lessons, enhancing self-efficacy and competence in coping.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ambivalence can paralyze effective action, making it difficult to make choices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conscience acts as a mental agency that punishes behaviors deviating from internal and external norms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transference is the process of displacing feelings from one relationship onto another, influencing expectations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kraepelin distinguished manic depressive insanity and dementia praecox.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Short-term sacrifice reflects altruism and enhances social bonds over transactional relationships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Delusions are strongly held beliefs that remain unaffected by counter-evidence and often contain bizarre content.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Psychotherapy makes individuals aware of their motives, encouraging more informed decision-making.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Following established norms allows for a stable personality, which aids in the passing down of cultural practices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wakefield defines 'harmful dysfunction' as a mechanism failing to perform its naturally selected function, resulting in harm according to cultural standards.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wakefield notes that while many undesirable conditions, such as poverty, are socially undesirable, they do not qualify as mental disorders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The evolutionary criterion suggests that a disorder implies lowered survival or reproduction, yet some disorders do not impact these aspects, challenging the notion that all disorders are maladaptive.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wakefield argues that professionals may work on conditions that are not truly disorders and can also make errors in judgment regarding what constitutes a disorder.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wakefield asserts that while some stigmatized conditions are indeed real disorders, others, like HIV, complicate the notion that stigma correlates directly to legitimacy as a disorder.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Statistical deviances refer to traits that can be considered positive or negative, indicating that not all deviations from the norm are necessarily indicative of a disorder.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wakefield explains that certain intense responses, like grief or stress, are normal and expected, while unexpected distress, such as PTSD, may signal a disorder.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The sociological fallacy asserts that human behaviors cannot be entirely explained by evolutionary pressures, as it ignores cultural influences and the complexity of human psychology.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cerebral asymmetry is greater in men, and this is associated with a higher prevalence of psychosis in men.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nesse's hypothesis states that a combination of alleles enhances social function until they exceed a threshold, leading to social dysfunction and potentially psychosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Delusions, such as persecutory beliefs, may originate from ancestral challenges like mistrust and jealousy, which were adaptive in social contexts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There is a link between psychosis and creativity through cognitive flexibility, divergent thinking, and unique associations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prolonged brain development allows for greater variability in personality and intelligence, with extreme variations potentially leading to psychosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Psychosis may arise from the same genetic factors that facilitate social development, reflecting a maladaptive outcome of social brain evolution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Delusions could provide a coping mechanism by helping individuals navigate perceived social threats or challenges.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reading intentions is crucial for social interactions, and deficits in this ability may manifest in the form of paranoid delusions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Approximately 10% of nonclinical samples report having delusional beliefs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Paranoid delusions may protect against feelings of depression and low self-esteem by attributing negative experiences to external factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>'Poor me' individuals feel that their persecution is undeserved, while 'bad me' individuals believe they deserve their suffering.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Implicit self-esteem is an automatic, often unconscious understanding of self, whereas explicit self-esteem consists of conscious reflections on self-worth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Psychosis might offer a hypervigilant perspective within social groups, which could be beneficial for survival.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The feedback loop involves making extreme external attributions to stabilize self-esteem, which leads to a cycle of negative self-representations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Life experiences dictate whether individuals may identify as 'poor' or 'bad' me, influencing their self-concept.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Paranoid individuals display a higher self-serving bias, which aligns with their tendency to develop persecutory delusions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The hypothesis suggests that individuals with schizophrenia may provide a protective hypervigilant trait to their social groups, despite individual selection pressures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Statistically, 20% of individuals exhibit delusions compared to only 6% experiencing hallucinations.</p> Signup and view all the answers