Wakefield's Definition of Disorder
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Questions and Answers

What is one value of self-deception or repression?

  • Increased moral integrity
  • Enhanced self-awareness of personal wishes
  • Guaranteed success in interpersonal relationships
  • Concealing motives of others (correct)

    • Which defense mechanism involves reverting to a previous behavior pattern?

  • Sublimation
  • Regression (correct)
  • Intellectualization
  • Denial

    • How does self-deception help in managing mental conflict?

  • By concealing rejected alternatives (correct)
  • By eliminating emotional responses
  • By enhancing clarity of thought
  • By promoting honest self-reflection

    • What does rationalization entail as a defense mechanism?

    <p>Making up an alternative explanation for true motives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about children is they likely to do?

    <p>Manipulate parents and engage in nonsensical behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between age of child and RCA levels?

    <p>RCA increases with the age of the child until mid-30s then decreases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the impact of analgesic behaviors on the grieving process?

    <p>They can lead to an increase in intrusive thoughts and prolonged symptoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common experience for 50% of bereaved individuals?

    <p>Hallucinations ranging from dreams to auditory-visual experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does successful therapy often involve in the context of grief?

    <p>Exposing individuals to painful thoughts and feelings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the distress experienced by individuals during the grieving process typically characterized?

    <p>It arises from personal history with the deceased.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary argument against the concept of a mental disorder being purely determined by biological disadvantages?

    <p>Many disorders do not affect survival or reproduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the concept of harmful dysfunction as outlined in Wakefield's disorder definition?

    <p>Mechanisms failing to meet natural functions can be considered disorders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best illustrates the principle that not all undesirable conditions are considered disorders?

    <p>Poverty affecting mental health.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key factor in understanding why some stigmatized disorders are still recognized as real conditions?

    <p>They can have identifiable physical correlates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following reflects a misunderstanding about the nature of disorders according to Wakefield?

    <p>All mental disorders are associated with physical lesions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the concept of evolution relate to mental disorders as described by Wakefield?

    <p>Mental disorders may exist without evolutionary justification.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what context are normal intense responses considered not to be disorders?

    <p>When they are expected responses to traumatic events.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is aligned with the sociological fallacy described by Wakefield?

    <p>Cultural influences cannot completely explain human behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of dreams according to ancient beliefs?

    <p>They offer insights about the past, present, and future that require interpretation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept did Jung emphasize regarding the search for meaning?

    <p>Meaning involves a subjective encounter with symbols.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did advancements in science during WWI influence views on human decision-making?

    <p>They suggested bad decisions often stem from neglecting emotions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are painful feelings considered adaptive?

    <p>They promote avoidance learning to keep us out of danger.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the acronym REBUS stand for in relation to beliefs and psychedelics?

    <p>Relaxed Beliefs Under Psychedelics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the greatest burden of a child according to the content?

    <p>The unlived life of their parents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What motivates the desire for self-harm in some individuals?

    <p>A primitive urge connected to expectations of failure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should individuals focus on to live a more meaningful life?

    <p>Dedicating their life to something greater than self.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the vACC play during USEs?

    <p>It signals emotional and social pain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group is reported to be more likely to experience USEs during bereavement?

    <p>Women experiencing child loss.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does sleep disruption affect emotional evaluation during bereavement?

    <p>It allows positive events to be perceived more negatively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of suppressing REM sleep?

    <p>Disruption of memory integration into long-term storage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does rumination have on dopamine production?

    <p>It leads to dysregulated dopamine production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the temporoparietal junction (TPJ) play in grief?

    <p>It helps distinguish self from others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does elevated cholinergic activity during REM sleep facilitate?

    <p>Transmission of sensory experiences into the cortex.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does distress from USE satisfy emotional processing during bereavement?

    <p>It promotes ruminating thoughts linked to past losses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily drives exaggerated perceptions of control in response to chance events?

    <p>A feeling of personal involvement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common outcome of fragmented memories after trauma?

    <p>Protection from the full emotional intensity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In individuals experiencing PTSD, what effect does sleep deprivation have on the processing of emotional stimuli?

    <p>It leads to increased vigilance towards threats.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does memory recollection affect memory storage during wakefulness?

    <p>It reinforces and strengthens memory storage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential effect of increased thalamic activity during ruminative thought processes?

    <p>Disruption of sensory input processing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was observed about depressive women when estimating their risk of developing breast cancer compared to non-depressive women?

    <p>Depressive and non-depressive women had similar estimates initially.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'depressive realism' suggest about depressive individuals' reaction to objective information?

    <p>They are better at integrating and understanding information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of melancholia, what physiological change was observed in unmedicated MDD patients?

    <p>Their glucose tolerance tests indicated hyperglycemia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does serotonin relate to the understanding of depression as indicated by early 1950s research?

    <p>Elevating monoamines in the brain reduced symptoms of depression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the research reveal about reserpine in the context of depression?

    <p>Studies showed reserpine consistently increases depression symptoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What challenge exists in measuring serotonin levels within the human brain?

    <p>The relationship between serotonin concentration and its transmission is complex.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a high 5-HIAA:5-HT ratio indicate in the context of serotonin transmission?

    <p>Increased serotonin activity and utilization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Elevated serotonin transmission is associated with what, according to stressor models of depression?

    <p>Increased depressive symptoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does tonic firing in neurons signify in relation to serotonin's role?

    <p>Continuous engagement in distraction-resistant thought processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does serotonin play in the context of oxidative stress?

    <p>Serotonin acts as an antioxidant to manage oxidative stress.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hypothesized mechanism explains the decreased sensitivity to pleasure in anhedonia?

    <p>Increased ability to retain information during distractions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which brain regions are known to be involved in elevated serotonin transmission during melancholic states?

    <p>Nucleus accumbens and hippocampus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a noted effect of serotonin on mitochondrial activity?

    <p>Regulation of calcium levels essential for energy production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates DRN activity in relation to depressive triggers?

    <p>DRN transmission of serotonin varies based on the presence of a depressogenic trigger.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Wakefield's Definition of Disorder

    • A disorder is a mental mechanism that does not fulfill its function and causes harm according to cultural standards
    • For social control, some stigmatized conditions (e.g., HIV) are still valid disorders, while others (e.g., poverty) are not.
    • The concept of a disorder is socially undesirable and contingent on time. For example, some problems deemed undesirable now may not be viewed as disorders in the future.
    • Professionals may treat problems, which aren't necessarily disorders (e.g., childbirth).
    • Positive and negative traits can be statistically atypical.
    • Unforeseen distress/disability like grief, or a stressful relationship may not be considered a disorder.

    Biological Dysfunction

    • Implies a disorder can potentially be cured by increasing survival/reproduction. However, some disorders may not affect reproductive success, while others may
    • Disorders and non-disorders both affect survival and reproductive success (e.g., societal rejection falls under non-disorders).
    • Evolutionary perspectives on traits are relevant to their role in fitness, but not always adequate for defining a disorder.
    • Biological function and its relation to evolutionary pressures are critical to diagnosing a disorder.

    Harmful Dysfunction

    • A harmful dysfunction is a mental mechanism malfunctioning, causing harm by cultural standards.
    • Mechanisms can be dysfunctional when they do not perform their naturally selected function, resulting in harm.

    Other Important Concepts

    • Preference for sweets: A reinforced pleasurable feeling, a likely adaptation.
    • Adaptions: Adaptations are always in the context of past environments when traits may not always be adaptive in modern contexts.
    • Identifying an adaptation could involve examining cognitive, behavioral, emotional, neural, and physiological characteristics.

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    Description

    Explore Wakefield's perspective on what constitutes a disorder. This quiz delves into the social and biological implications of mental conditions and their definitions. Understand how cultural standards influence the classification of disorders and non-disorders.

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