pronormoblast> basophilic normoblast> polychromatophilic normoblast> orthochromic normoblast> polychromatophilic erythrocyte> mature erythrocyte

rubriblast> prorubricyte> rubricyte> metarubricyte> reticulocyte> erythrocyte

increased concentration of erythrocytes

increased EPO production

defective hemoglobin with high oxygen affinity, certain anemias, chronic lung disease, inappropriate EPO production

secondary polycythemia

neoplasms and family polycythemia

12-19 um, 4:1, large and round nucleus, fine chromatin pattern, 0-2 nucleoli, distinctive basophilic color and no granules

12-17 um, 4:1, clumped nuclear chromatin, no nucleoli, distinctive basophilic color

11-15 um, 1:1, increased chromatin clumping, variable cytoplasm color (pink staining mixed with basophilia)

8-12 um, tightly condensed chromatin pattern, reddish pink cytoplasm (acidophilic)

7-10 um, anuclear, diffuse reticulum

6-8 um, 120 day lifespan

stays in bone marrow for 2-3 days and one day in circulation, RNA catabolizes and ribosomes disintegrate, mitochondria is lost and cell is fully hemoglobinized

of retics in bone marrow is equivalent to # of retics in circulation

bone marrow releases retics equivalent to the amount RBCs lost on a daily basis (1/120 of total RBCs)

RPI measures erythropoietic activity when stress reticulocytes are present RPI (%) = corrected retic count (%) / maturation time (days)

corrected retic count (%) = retic count (%) x patient hematocrit (%) / normal hematocrit based on age and gender

men: 41.5-50.4% women: 36-45% 6-12 years: 40% at birth (cord blood): 51%

hct 45 = 1 day hct 35 = 1.5 days hct 25 = 2 days hct 15 = 2.5 days

increase in RBCs not related to increased EPO production increased hematocrit due to plasma volume caused by condition that produce dehydration such as diarrhea and burns

seen in B12 and folate deficiencies nuclear maturation lags behind cytoplasmic maturation (makes cell look younger than it is) increased RBC cellular cytoplasm and overall size

40% lipid and cholesterol 8% carbohydrates 52% glycolipids constantly changes shape freely permeable to water and anions shape allows for maximum surface area

alpha and beta spectrin ankyrin connects to band 3 band 4.1 connects spectrin to glycophorin C band 4.1 R stabilizes spectrin with actin band 4.1 and band 4.9 phosphorylate and weaken rigidity to cytoskeleton