MD2 MCQs

Which of the following statements regarding the notochord’s role in vertebral development is NOT correct?

A neonate presents with scoliosis. Imaging reveals hemivertebrae. Which developmental error most likely caused this condition?

During which stage of vertebral development do the paired primary centres of chondrification first form, and what do they differentiate into?

A mutation in Hox10 expression results in which of the following skeletal abnormalities?

In the vertebral development process, failure of segmentation during which stage is most likely to result in block vertebrae?

Which ligament, when thickened, is most likely to limit spinal mobility due to its location posterior to the spinal cord?

Which muscle of the transversospinales group spans the greatest number of vertebral segments?

What is the primary function of the erector spinae muscles, particularly in relation to movement and feedback?

A patient with chronic headaches and neck pain exhibits tightness in the suboccipital triangle. Which nerve is MOST likely implicated?

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the thoracolumbar fascia in the lumbar region?

Regarding the innervation of intrinsic back muscles, which statement is NOT correct?

Which of these muscles is NOT part of the transversospinales group?

Which of these descriptions best defines the nature of the interspinous ligament?

Which of the following ligaments primarily resists hyperextension of the spine?

The ligamentum flavum is characterized by its elasticity. What is the primary function of this elastic property?

What is the primary function of the posterior longitudinal ligament?

Which ligament provides connection between the spinous processes in the cervical spine?

What type of movement is primarily resisted and controlled by the rotatores muscles in the thoracic spine?

Which ligament is directly replaced by the ligamentum nuchae in the cervical region?

A patient presents with pain after a lumbar spine injury during a hyperextension exercise. Which ligament is most likely affected?

Which of the following is a characteristic of the ligamentum flavum related to its location?

What creates the reduced movement potential within the thoracic region?

Which of the following accurately describes the adult termination of the spinal cord?

What is the primary point of origin of the filum terminale internum?

During a caudal block, the anaesthetic is administered into which anatomical space?

Which of these characteristics does NOT accurately describe the epidural space within the sacral region?

What is the extent of the dura mater along the spinal nerves?

Which of the following functions is NOT associated with the denticulate ligaments?

Which meningeal layer is a direct continuation of the pia mater?

Which of these does the short head of the biceps brachii NOT do?

A patient presents with weakness in elbow flexion and forearm supination. Which muscle is MOST likely affected?

The radial nerve passes through the triangular interval with which artery?

What is the primary function of the long head of the triceps brachii at the glenohumeral joint?

Which statement is MOST accurate regarding the radial nerve in the posterior compartment of the arm?

Which statement is NOT correct regarding the insertion of the triceps brachii?

Which muscle originates from the infraglenoid tubercle?

Which of the following is NOT a typical characteristic of dorsal compartment muscles?

What is the direct consequence of a block vertebra formation?

Which structure is NOT derived from the neural arch element during vertebral development?

What is the hallmark change occurring during the transition from the mesenchymatous to the cartilaginous stage in vertebral development?

During the osseous stage, what is the primary role of the ring epiphysis?

Which developmental event is directly associated with the presence of a hypoplastic vertebral arch?

Lumbar-isation of thoracic vertebrae is most directly attributed to which error in Hox gene expression?

What is the primary role of sclerotome cells during the mesenchymatous stage of vertebral development?

What is the major function of the neurocentral cartilage growth plates during vertebral development?

What is the primary function of the lumbar enlargement?

Which structure directly connects the spinal cord to the coccyx?

Which of the following is NOT a part of the vertebral canal's boundary?

What occurs to the spinal cord and nerve roots during spinal extension?

What is the primary purpose of the subarachnoid space within the spinal cord?

Which statement about the spinal meninges is the MOST accurate?

What is the anatomical significance of the conus medullaris?

Which of the following provides the most accurate description of the epidural space?

During the mesenchymatous stage, sclerotome cells migrate to form which of the following vertebral structures?

The presence of interlaminar and neurocentral cartilage growth plates is characteristic of which stage of vertebral column development?

Which vertebral element contributes to the formation of the zygapophyseal joints and mammillary processes?

A 12-year-old patient has vertebral anomalies due to a lack of bone deposition at the site of the nucleus pulposus. What is the most likely congenital condition?

Which process drives the re-segmentation of somites during vertebral development?

Which of the following accurately describes the mesenchymatous stage of vertebral development?

Which vertebral anomaly arises due to a failure of one cartilage center to develop during the cartilaginous stage?

The intervertebral discs align with which developmental structure during the cartilaginous stage?

During vertebral segmentation, what defines the location of a vertebral segment?

A patient is diagnosed with butterfly vertebra. What developmental abnormality most likely caused this condition?

Which vertebral structures form directly from the costal element during development?

How does the notochord contribute to vertebral development during the cartilaginous stage?

Which of the following is a direct consequence of Hox10 gene deletion in vertebral development?

What is the role of the nucleus pulposus in intervertebral disc function?

In the osseous stage, which process contributes to the continuation of vertebral growth beyond birth?

What is the primary clinical manifestation of block vertebra?

What distinguishes the neural arch element in vertebral development?

What distinguishes the mesenchymatous stage from the cartilaginous stage in vertebral development?

During the osseous stage, which process is responsible for continuing vertebral growth after birth? (Select one option)

Which Hox gene expression error is associated with lumbarization of thoracic vertebrae?

What developmental process ensures nerve roots exit between vertebrae?

Failure of segmentation during which stage contributes to block vertebra?

Which vertebral structure forms exclusively from the costal element?

What clinical condition may result from the persistence of neurocentral cartilage after 8 years of age?

A neonate presents with thoracic ribs extending into the lumbar region. Which developmental process is most likely disrupted?

Which of the following secondary ossification centres is responsible for increasing vertebral height during puberty?

Which condition results from excess nucleus pulposus formation during development?

What distinguishes vertebral growth plates from epiphyseal plates in long bones?

What is the significance of neurocentral cartilage growth plates in vertebral development?

Which of the following statements regarding the notochord's role in vertebral development is NOT correct?

During the osseous stage, which process is responsible for continuing vertebral growth after birth?

Which of the following evolutionary adaptations distinguishes mammalian vertebral columns from those of reptiles?

How do thoracic vertebrae in humans differ in their contribution to movement compared to cervical and lumbar vertebrae?

Which statement regarding the notochord’s role in vertebral development is NOT correct?