MD2 MCQs

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Which of the following statements regarding the notochord’s role in vertebral development is NOT correct?

The notochord signals the development of the vertebral column before vertebral segmentation occurs.

Remnants of the notochord become part of the nucleus pulposus within the intervertebral discs.

The notochord directly ossifies to form the vertebral centrum. (correct)

Excess notochordal cells during ossification can result in a butterfly vertebra.

Insufficient notochordal cells during ossification can contribute to block vertebra formation.

During which stage of vertebral development do the paired primary centres of chondrification first form, and what do they differentiate into?

Mesenchymatous stage; perinotochordal sheath

Cartilaginous stage; centrum and neural arches (correct)

Osseous stage; neural arches and costal elements

Cartilaginous stage; costal elements and zygapophyseal joints

Mesenchymatous stage; intervertebral discs

A neonate presents with scoliosis. Imaging reveals hemivertebrae. Which developmental error most likely caused this condition?

Failure of re-segmentation during the mesenchymatous stage

Failure of one primary ossification centre to form in the osseous stage (correct)

Failure of notochordal signalling during the cartilaginous stage

Persistent neurocentral cartilage beyond 6 years of age

Excessive Hox10 expression in thoracic vertebrae

A mutation in Hox10 expression results in which of the following skeletal abnormalities?

Rib formation in the lumbar region Signup and view all the answers

In the vertebral development process, failure of segmentation during which stage is most likely to result in block vertebrae?

Mesenchymatous stage Signup and view all the answers

Which ligament, when thickened, is most likely to limit spinal mobility due to its location posterior to the spinal cord?

Ligamentum flavum Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle of the transversospinales group spans the greatest number of vertebral segments?

Semispinalis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the erector spinae muscles, particularly in relation to movement and feedback?

Providing multi-segmental movement and proprioception Signup and view all the answers

A patient with chronic headaches and neck pain exhibits tightness in the suboccipital triangle. Which nerve is MOST likely implicated?

Dorsal ramus of C2 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the thoracolumbar fascia in the lumbar region?

Is thin and elastic to accommodate thoracic breathing. Signup and view all the answers

Regarding the innervation of intrinsic back muscles, which statement is NOT correct?

The splenius muscles are innervated by ventral rami. Signup and view all the answers

Which of these muscles is NOT part of the transversospinales group?

Splenius Signup and view all the answers

Which of these descriptions best defines the nature of the interspinous ligament?

It connects spinous processes and limits flexion Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following ligaments primarily resists hyperextension of the spine?

Anterior longitudinal ligament Signup and view all the answers

The ligamentum flavum is characterized by its elasticity. What is the primary function of this elastic property?

To prevent buckling under compression Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the posterior longitudinal ligament?

Strengthening the posterior intervertebral disc and resisting hyperflexion Signup and view all the answers

Which ligament provides connection between the spinous processes in the cervical spine?

Interspinous ligament Signup and view all the answers

What type of movement is primarily resisted and controlled by the rotatores muscles in the thoracic spine?

Rotation Signup and view all the answers

Which ligament is directly replaced by the ligamentum nuchae in the cervical region?

Supraspinous ligament Signup and view all the answers

A patient presents with pain after a lumbar spine injury during a hyperextension exercise. Which ligament is most likely affected?

Anterior longitudinal ligament Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of the ligamentum flavum related to its location?

Is positioned just posterior to the spinal cord. Signup and view all the answers

What creates the reduced movement potential within the thoracic region?

The relatively small size of the vertebral canal. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the adult termination of the spinal cord?

It terminates at the L1/L2 vertebral level, forming the conus medullaris. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary point of origin of the filum terminale internum?

The conus medullaris. Signup and view all the answers

During a caudal block, the anaesthetic is administered into which anatomical space?

The epidural space around the sacral hiatus. Signup and view all the answers

Which of these characteristics does NOT accurately describe the epidural space within the sacral region?

The presence of cerebrospinal fluid and the cauda equina. Signup and view all the answers

What is the extent of the dura mater along the spinal nerves?

It terminates at the level of the dorsal root ganglion. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following functions is NOT associated with the denticulate ligaments?

Connecting the spinal cord to the intervertebral discs. Signup and view all the answers

Which meningeal layer is a direct continuation of the pia mater?

The filum terminale internum. Signup and view all the answers

Which of these does the short head of the biceps brachii NOT do?

Passes through the bicipital groove Signup and view all the answers

A patient presents with weakness in elbow flexion and forearm supination. Which muscle is MOST likely affected?

Long head of biceps brachii Signup and view all the answers

The radial nerve passes through the triangular interval with which artery?

Deep brachial artery Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the long head of the triceps brachii at the glenohumeral joint?

Extension Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is MOST accurate regarding the radial nerve in the posterior compartment of the arm?

It travels in the spiral groove of the humerus with the profunda brachii artery. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is NOT correct regarding the insertion of the triceps brachii?

It is innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve. Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle originates from the infraglenoid tubercle?

Long head of triceps brachii Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a typical characteristic of dorsal compartment muscles?

They typically cause supination Signup and view all the answers

What is the direct consequence of a block vertebra formation?

Reduced mobility between fused vertebral segments. Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is NOT derived from the neural arch element during vertebral development?

The nucleus pulposus. Signup and view all the answers

What is the hallmark change occurring during the transition from the mesenchymatous to the cartilaginous stage in vertebral development?

Replacement of mesenchyme with hyaline cartilage. Signup and view all the answers

During the osseous stage, what is the primary role of the ring epiphysis?

To contribute to the height-wise growth of the vertebral body. Signup and view all the answers

Which developmental event is directly associated with the presence of a hypoplastic vertebral arch?

Incomplete formation of the neural arch elements. Signup and view all the answers

Lumbar-isation of thoracic vertebrae is most directly attributed to which error in Hox gene expression?

Increased Hox10 expression in thoracic regions. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of sclerotome cells during the mesenchymatous stage of vertebral development?

To migrate to form perinotochordal and neural arch regions. Signup and view all the answers

What is the major function of the neurocentral cartilage growth plates during vertebral development?

To contribute to the lengthening of the vertebral body. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the lumbar enlargement?

To innervate the lower limbs. Signup and view all the answers

Which structure directly connects the spinal cord to the coccyx?

Filum terminale externum Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a part of the vertebral canal's boundary?

Laminae anteriorly Signup and view all the answers

What occurs to the spinal cord and nerve roots during spinal extension?

Spinal cord moves dorsally; roots are pulled caudally. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the subarachnoid space within the spinal cord?

To facilitate cerebrospinal fluid flow around the spinal cord. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the spinal meninges is the MOST accurate?

The pia mater forms the denticulate ligaments. Signup and view all the answers

What is the anatomical significance of the conus medullaris?

It is the terminal end of the spinal cord, located at L1/L2. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following provides the most accurate description of the epidural space?

It is situated between the dura mater and the bony vertebral canal. Signup and view all the answers

During the mesenchymatous stage, sclerotome cells migrate to form which of the following vertebral structures?

Centrum, neural arch, and costal element Signup and view all the answers

The presence of interlaminar and neurocentral cartilage growth plates is characteristic of which stage of vertebral column development?

Osseous stage Signup and view all the answers

Which vertebral element contributes to the formation of the zygapophyseal joints and mammillary processes?

Neural arch element Signup and view all the answers

A 12-year-old patient has vertebral anomalies due to a lack of bone deposition at the site of the nucleus pulposus. What is the most likely congenital condition?

Butterfly vertebra Signup and view all the answers

Which process drives the re-segmentation of somites during vertebral development?

Hox gene expression and intersegmental artery location Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes the mesenchymatous stage of vertebral development?

Migration of sclerotome cells to the perinotochordal sheath, neural arch, and costal elements Signup and view all the answers

Which vertebral anomaly arises due to a failure of one cartilage center to develop during the cartilaginous stage?

Hemivertebra Signup and view all the answers

The intervertebral discs align with which developmental structure during the cartilaginous stage?

Segments and somites Signup and view all the answers

During vertebral segmentation, what defines the location of a vertebral segment?

Site of intervertebral disc development and nerve root exit Signup and view all the answers

A patient is diagnosed with butterfly vertebra. What developmental abnormality most likely caused this condition?

Excess notochordal cells inhibiting bone deposition in the centrum Signup and view all the answers

Which vertebral structures form directly from the costal element during development?

Ribs in the thoracic region and transverse processes in other regions Signup and view all the answers

How does the notochord contribute to vertebral development during the cartilaginous stage?

It forms the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral discs. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a direct consequence of Hox10 gene deletion in vertebral development?

Excessive rib formation in the lumbar and sacral regions Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the nucleus pulposus in intervertebral disc function?

Acts as a remnant of the notochord, providing shock absorption. Signup and view all the answers

In the osseous stage, which process contributes to the continuation of vertebral growth beyond birth?

Formation of secondary ossification centres in the ring epiphysis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary clinical manifestation of block vertebra?

Loss of mobility between fused vertebral segments Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the neural arch element in vertebral development?

It contributes to the dorsal arch, zygapophyseal joints, and lateral vertebral body. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the mesenchymatous stage from the cartilaginous stage in vertebral development?

Replacement of mesenchyme with hyaline cartilage. Signup and view all the answers

During the osseous stage, which process is responsible for continuing vertebral growth after birth? (Select one option)

Growth of the ring epiphysis, contributing to vertebral body height. Signup and view all the answers

Which Hox gene expression error is associated with lumbarization of thoracic vertebrae?

Gain of Hox10 expression in thoracic segments. Signup and view all the answers

What developmental process ensures nerve roots exit between vertebrae?

Alignment of segments with intervertebral discs during somite re-segmentation. Signup and view all the answers

Failure of segmentation during which stage contributes to block vertebra?

Mesenchymatous stage Signup and view all the answers

Which vertebral structure forms exclusively from the costal element?

Ribs in the thoracic region and parts of the transverse process in other regions. Signup and view all the answers

What clinical condition may result from the persistence of neurocentral cartilage after 8 years of age?

Structural weakness in the vertebral arch. Signup and view all the answers

A neonate presents with thoracic ribs extending into the lumbar region. Which developmental process is most likely disrupted?

Hox gene expression during thoracic-lumbar differentiation. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following secondary ossification centres is responsible for increasing vertebral height during puberty?

Ring epiphysis Signup and view all the answers

Which condition results from excess nucleus pulposus formation during development?

Butterfly vertebra Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes vertebral growth plates from epiphyseal plates in long bones?

Vertebral growth plates persist until age 8, unlike epiphyseal plates. Signup and view all the answers

MD2 MCQs

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following statements regarding the notochord’s role in vertebral development is NOT correct?

During which stage of vertebral development do the paired primary centres of chondrification first form, and what do they differentiate into?

A neonate presents with scoliosis. Imaging reveals hemivertebrae. Which developmental error most likely caused this condition?

A mutation in Hox10 expression results in which of the following skeletal abnormalities?

In the vertebral development process, failure of segmentation during which stage is most likely to result in block vertebrae?

Which ligament, when thickened, is most likely to limit spinal mobility due to its location posterior to the spinal cord?

Which muscle of the transversospinales group spans the greatest number of vertebral segments?

What is the primary function of the erector spinae muscles, particularly in relation to movement and feedback?

A patient with chronic headaches and neck pain exhibits tightness in the suboccipital triangle. Which nerve is MOST likely implicated?

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the thoracolumbar fascia in the lumbar region?

Regarding the innervation of intrinsic back muscles, which statement is NOT correct?

Which of these muscles is NOT part of the transversospinales group?

Which of these descriptions best defines the nature of the interspinous ligament?

Which of the following ligaments primarily resists hyperextension of the spine?

The ligamentum flavum is characterized by its elasticity. What is the primary function of this elastic property?

What is the primary function of the posterior longitudinal ligament?

Which ligament provides connection between the spinous processes in the cervical spine?

What type of movement is primarily resisted and controlled by the rotatores muscles in the thoracic spine?

Which ligament is directly replaced by the ligamentum nuchae in the cervical region?

A patient presents with pain after a lumbar spine injury during a hyperextension exercise. Which ligament is most likely affected?

Which of the following is a characteristic of the ligamentum flavum related to its location?

What creates the reduced movement potential within the thoracic region?

Which of the following accurately describes the adult termination of the spinal cord?

What is the primary point of origin of the filum terminale internum?

During a caudal block, the anaesthetic is administered into which anatomical space?

Which of these characteristics does NOT accurately describe the epidural space within the sacral region?

What is the extent of the dura mater along the spinal nerves?

Which of the following functions is NOT associated with the denticulate ligaments?

Which meningeal layer is a direct continuation of the pia mater?

Which of these does the short head of the biceps brachii NOT do?

A patient presents with weakness in elbow flexion and forearm supination. Which muscle is MOST likely affected?

The radial nerve passes through the triangular interval with which artery?

What is the primary function of the long head of the triceps brachii at the glenohumeral joint?

Which statement is MOST accurate regarding the radial nerve in the posterior compartment of the arm?

Which statement is NOT correct regarding the insertion of the triceps brachii?

Which muscle originates from the infraglenoid tubercle?

Which of the following is NOT a typical characteristic of dorsal compartment muscles?

What is the direct consequence of a block vertebra formation?

Which structure is NOT derived from the neural arch element during vertebral development?

What is the hallmark change occurring during the transition from the mesenchymatous to the cartilaginous stage in vertebral development?

During the osseous stage, what is the primary role of the ring epiphysis?

Which developmental event is directly associated with the presence of a hypoplastic vertebral arch?

Lumbar-isation of thoracic vertebrae is most directly attributed to which error in Hox gene expression?

What is the primary role of sclerotome cells during the mesenchymatous stage of vertebral development?

What is the major function of the neurocentral cartilage growth plates during vertebral development?

What is the primary function of the lumbar enlargement?

Which structure directly connects the spinal cord to the coccyx?

Which of the following is NOT a part of the vertebral canal's boundary?

What occurs to the spinal cord and nerve roots during spinal extension?

What is the primary purpose of the subarachnoid space within the spinal cord?

Which statement about the spinal meninges is the MOST accurate?

What is the anatomical significance of the conus medullaris?

Which of the following provides the most accurate description of the epidural space?

During the mesenchymatous stage, sclerotome cells migrate to form which of the following vertebral structures?

The presence of interlaminar and neurocentral cartilage growth plates is characteristic of which stage of vertebral column development?

Which vertebral element contributes to the formation of the zygapophyseal joints and mammillary processes?

A 12-year-old patient has vertebral anomalies due to a lack of bone deposition at the site of the nucleus pulposus. What is the most likely congenital condition?

Which process drives the re-segmentation of somites during vertebral development?

Which of the following accurately describes the mesenchymatous stage of vertebral development?

Which vertebral anomaly arises due to a failure of one cartilage center to develop during the cartilaginous stage?

The intervertebral discs align with which developmental structure during the cartilaginous stage?

During vertebral segmentation, what defines the location of a vertebral segment?

A patient is diagnosed with butterfly vertebra. What developmental abnormality most likely caused this condition?

Which vertebral structures form directly from the costal element during development?

How does the notochord contribute to vertebral development during the cartilaginous stage?

Which of the following is a direct consequence of Hox10 gene deletion in vertebral development?

What is the role of the nucleus pulposus in intervertebral disc function?

In the osseous stage, which process contributes to the continuation of vertebral growth beyond birth?

What is the primary clinical manifestation of block vertebra?

What distinguishes the neural arch element in vertebral development?

What distinguishes the mesenchymatous stage from the cartilaginous stage in vertebral development?

During the osseous stage, which process is responsible for continuing vertebral growth after birth? (Select one option)

Which Hox gene expression error is associated with lumbarization of thoracic vertebrae?

What developmental process ensures nerve roots exit between vertebrae?

Failure of segmentation during which stage contributes to block vertebra?

Which vertebral structure forms exclusively from the costal element?