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• The study notes below cover assessing social science research ethics and integrity and related case studies and essays.

Introduction to the Stanford Prison Experiment (SPE)

• Philip Zimbardo is renowned for conducting the 1971 Stanford Prison Experiment (SPE).
• Early work focused on psychology of deindividualization.
• Deindividualization is in which individuals in groups relinquish personal responsibility and participate in antisocial behavior.
• Research shifted to institutional power dynamics in group settings after moving to Stanford University.
• The Stanford University Human Subjects Research Review Committee approved Zimbardo's research proposal for a simulated prison in July 1971.
• A mock prison was constructed in the basement of the university's psychology building.
• College-aged male subjects were recruited to act as prisoners and guards.
• The study was scheduled for 2 weeks, beginning on Sunday, August 8th, but it ended on Friday morning, August 13th.
• Mock guards subjected mock prisoners to hazing and brutalization within a week.
• Some prisoners coped, while others showed signs of mental collapse.
• Three prisoners tried to escape on Saturday, August 21st, at San Quentin State Prison on Alcatraz Island in San Francisco Bay
• A prison revolt at Attica Prison in upstate New York occurred 3 weeks later .
• Zimbardo became a specialist in prison riots and prisoner abuse immediately.
• He appeared before a US House Judiciary subcommittee in October 1971.
• Zimbardo served as a defense expert in the 2004 court martial of a guard at Abu Ghraib.
• Zimbardo released "The Lucifer Effect: Understanding How Good People Turn Evil" in 2007.
• It challenged the prevailing emphasis on individual personality as the primary reason for bad behavior.
• The research emphasized organizational and group circumstances.
• Zimbardo embraced responsibility for ethical and administrative errors during the SPE.

Preliminary Experiments conducted by Zimbardo

• Zimbardo's complex experiments led to the SPE.
• He showed interest in the concept of deindividuation.
• Festinger et al. initially proposed the psychology of deindividuation.
• Deindividuation, according to Zimbardo, happens when people are immersed in groups and receive less individual attention.
• The inner restrictions are reduced, which causes more hostility.
• Deindividuation is when someone takes on the values of a larger group.
• The person may engage in behaviors within the crowd that are not typical of their behavior.
• Zimbardo created three deindividuation studies in his undergraduate senior seminar at New York University.
• The studies incorporated research on hypnosis, and his Social Psychology in Action class.

The NYU Deindividualization Experiment

• Zimbardo and his students at New York University in the Bronx carried out an experiment on deindividualization, anonymity, and aggression during the 1966–1967 school year.
• The experiment involved administering electric shocks like the Milgram experiments.
• Female students from an introductory psychology class at New York University in the Bronx gave electric shocks to a female collaborator victim.
• Subjects were randomly assigned to deindividualized group (I) or individualized group (D).
• Each person was given a large size 44 lab coat and a face-covering hoodie.
• Large name tags assigned to group I, Group D was unable to identify individuals.
• Instructions provided via tape recordings in order to remove experimenter bias.
• Subjects in the individualized group were addressed by name, while those in the deindividualized group were addressed en masse.
• Subjects were told that two individuals would administer the shock while the other two would observe.
• The shock intensity would not be increased when two people pressed the key at the same time
• Each subject could give a shock without increasing the intensity, and each received a normal sample shock.
• Zimbardo portrayed one victim as pleasant and the other as obnoxious to deindividualize the subjects.
• One was described as a kind girl who wished to help disabled children and make money for her fiancé.
• The other was portrayed as a transfer student using modeling funds to vacation at Ivy League institutions since she disliked Jewish students at the NYU Bronx campus.
• Subjects were placed in different cubicles facing a one-way mirror.
• The lights were turned off for the (D) group but dimmed for the (I) group.
• The experimenter and victim interacted behind a one-way mirror.
• When the victim responded incorrectly, a light came on, cueing the subjects to give a shock.
• She acted as though she was in excruciating pain each time she was ostensibly shocked.
• She reacted with such intensity on the tenth trial that her hand came out of the electrode strap.
• The experimenter quickly strapped her back in, and the testing was extended by ten more trials.
• The length of time the shock was applied was used to gauge aggression.
• Shocks lasted for up to 2.50 s.
• Individualized group had a mean of 0.47, while the deindividualized group had a mean duration of 0.90 s.
• Zimbardo found that the individualized group shocked the perceived nice victim less and less over time.
• The group shocked the perceived obnoxious victim more and more.
• Both victims were shocked more and more by deindividualized.
• It was noted that the results matched Milgram's remotest proximity condition between the teacher and student.
• Remoteness reduced victim inhibitions as well as avoiding embarrassment.
• Zimbardo individualized prisoners and deindividualized guards in his subsequent Stanford experiment.
• Prisoners dressed in smocks with prisoner numbers to individualize them.
• They wore nylon stockings over their hair as a substitute for a head shave, and rubber clogs.
• A heavy chain was bolted onto their right ankle, which could be attached to the ankle of another prisoner to form a chain gang.
• Deindividualized guards dressed in uniforms from a local army surplus shop with no name tags and reflective sunglasses.
• These factors appeared to have promoted increasingly aggressive interactions amongst the two groups.

Research on Liberating Behavior Through Hypnosis

• In 1971, Zimbardo joined Stanford as a tenured professor and fellow.
• He developed his ideas regarding individuation and deindividuation.
• He believed that an individuated person behaved reasonably and methodically.
• He believed that a deindividualized person behaved impulsively and chaotically.
• Most people follow a daily clock or schedule for meals and sleep
• Zimbardo hypothesized that hypnosis could affect someone's perceptions of time, making them feel as though time was slowing down.
• Zimbardo was awarded a grant from the Office of Naval Research (ONR) to research hypnosis and mind control.
• Thirty Stanford undergraduates who scored well on a hypnotic susceptibility scale were recruited.
• There were 15 males and 15 females, who were assigned at random to one of four groups.
• Twelve subjects were trained by a hypnotist.
• Training included suggestions to expand the present, and distance the past and future to the subjects.
• Other participants received present-expanded time distortion training.
• Simulators were told to imagine what it would be like to be hypnotized.
• Subjects were isolated in cubicles and given a relaxation induction.
• The simulators were given the time to prepare to be simulators
• They were exposed to humorous or repulsive ambiguous material.
• The final broadcast of a radio commercial outtake for the 1953 film "The Caddy" never occurred.
• The actors became more vulgar and obscene as the recording engineers laughed in the background.
• The subjects' overt reactions were monitored.
• The judgements were made by two judges via one-way mirror, after which subjects reported reactions.
• Subjects had to make something with two pounds of clay.
• The hypnotized individuals altered their temporal perception.
• They laughed and messed around with time/clay, unlike the others.
• Another conclusion was that hypnotic subjects showed more social-emotional contagions.
• Hypnotized subjects who ripped out pages from the phonebook.
• Subjects returned to a state of deep relaxation.
• Hypnotized subject's sense of time could be controlled from clocks or external time to subjective time.
• Subjects lacked focus.
• Zimbardo would use and expand on his experiment findings.
• He realized that daily time sense of mock prisoners stripped of sleep sense could be warped like students who were uninhibited.

The Stanford Student Project

• The most well-known experiment by Zimbardo originated as a student project.
• He asked the Social Psychology in Action class to investigate adapting to roles and a setting.
• Examples were convicts being jailed, residents joining home for the elderly, and people joining new cults.
• Students in the dormitory ran a mock prison for the weekend.
• They had intense feelings of anger and shame.
• Prisoners and guards roles be separated to separate the factors influencing behavior.
• Zimbardo was interested in antiwar confrontations following Cambodia following the Kent State shooting that spread throughout the country.
• He spoke to Palo Alto's Police chief about depolarizing the situation
• Experiment was arranged to see how cops turn "good."
• The experiment will combine the police with students who will be also mock guards and prisoners.
• The ONR that funded the experiment also conducted studies in false confessions, aggression and hypnosis.
• The Navy was concerned about prison guard/prisoner violence and wanted Zimbardo to study the cause through environmental conditions and expectations.
• The Navy hoped to eliminate conditions.
• The ONR agreed to pay for the SPE to do its best.

From Application Through Prisoner

• Zimbardo applied to the Stanford University Human Subjects Research Review Committee for study.
• The Review committed to study that had been called, "Role Playing in Simulated Prison."
• The committee was not going to know when study started till the 2 weeks has completed.
• The program has started exactly on August 14, 1971
• Zimbardo said that they would want to see how prison roles start with behavior
• Basic parameters was identified in His application had been given some parameters
• The study must be analyzed and given good facts and results.
• Ideal study would look into whats occurring in prison.
• Zimbardo wants to use new recruit to get more people to psychology study.
• All would be given information that was attached to the application.
• The study would be explore behavior by prison.
• The label would go to the person influencing behavior and how the study will be simulating.
• This helps in the prison and other situations so both guards and prisoner are equal manner and are real.
• Zimbardo indicated the prisoners would be to leave the study.
• Information was absent the explicit wording on info, participants could withdraw.
• The SPE will have fair loss compensation for money that will be won.
• Zimbardo said like real prisoners in SPE, the way out is easy.
• The prisoner would be to enter full agreement and promising to finish duration of study.
• No prisoner could go out expect by procedures.

Constructing the Mock Prison

• Stanford Committee approved study and Zimbardo moved quickly.
• A mock prison got built up in the psychology department basement with solitary spaces, and cafeteria.
• Zimbardo put a videotape to show visitors, family and meetings held/meet.
• Zimbardo requested student union and police fire about notifications the study.
• Zimbardo knew sleep loss and time schedules could lower the threshold of behavior constraints in 1970.
• Staff shifts be the right ones for people and the prison would be strategically deprive sleep.
• Subjects asked to given questionnaire, then students interviewed them.
• The ones that were selected, would be the physically mentally people that got picked.
• They ranged ages from 18-24 including guys that master's degrees and High school diploma recent.
• Prisoners will be randomly guards and prisoners.
• Non volunteers could pick positions so guards do the work.
• Nine prisoners were randomly 1 of 3 prison cells.
• Zimbardo based the set-up on what prison had from what prisoners would say, and what the leaders would say.

Creating a Total Institution

• Goffman wrote control daily activity, eating, sleeping, working
• Total institutions include jails and psychiatrics hospitals .
• POW camps, and forced to reject their own beliefs.
• Captors put prisoners in camp jail.
• Zimbardo had the start-up create a total institution de novo.
• Guards were military police and prisoners brought together first.
• August 3, the guards had a meeting with the prisoners.
• Zimbardo was understanding the barriers that prisons create so in experimental prisoner it will be limits with no physical abuse.
• Guards were told create fair and the prisoners were called based on name on uniform.
• Guards lined up and gave prisons number.
• Study was research question and what total power the prisoners wanted.
• What they do against guards to regain freedom?
• The night shift was easiest for zimbardo because the prisoner been sleeping.
• Warden said, 17 rules prisoners must followed for County Jail Stanford
• The Rules must cover 5 characteristics daily activities, respect authorities, taboo forbidden words, property.
• Jails, silent activities and activities prisoners in the yard.
• Not damage walls ceilings.
• Address each other by number.
• Guards and warden must get orders.
• Privileges like to run in the toilets.
• Mail would censor by guards, never talk negative or face punishment.
• Never experiment and imprisoned until paroled.

The Prisoners Rebel

• Prisoner 5704 did not receive smoke.
• Recalls prison wear with prisoner name.
• Rebellious prisoner needs to address again. -Prisoner 5704 convinced his cellmate by the hunger strike who told him to push beds against doors and ceiling lights.
• Guards could not break Cell 1
• Guards rushing had top leaders of prisoners in Cell 2
• A struggle had occurred and with inmates shouting by Cell 3 _ Prisoner 8612 told Cell 3 about the experiment.
• Prisoner 8612 nude with hands between barred door and another guard shot foam

Who's Who in the SPE

• SPE was a stage production and volunteer staff
• Priest, parents, Maslach had helped also.
• Discussion on topics was had.

The Prisoners

• Prisoners were randomly guard assigned.
• Zimbardo presented no results but four behavior and one was involvement was curtailing actions of others

Prisoner 819 Withdrawal

• Heard counts tell visitors.
• The first counts Sunday/Monday was a joke.
• Prisoners 819 and 5486 laughed and was ordered by 20 pushup.
• The told do solo tune.
• Mentioned toilet privileges also.
• 819 was told and smiled.
• He and others quit exercise and was stopped together.
• He joined hole, together with other prisoner.
• 819 dragged cots and will scream, no experiment.
• Rest of day, 819 refused, then did counts and did only 2, others and thank you officer.
• Later drag 819 from the bed.
• Letter was made about his experience sleeping, shout and getting harrassed.
• Brother and sister and parents saw him on the night.
• Guards hung.
• Father showed Wednesday.
• Reluctant prisoners wants the sleep, the 819 tore up the pillow mess.
• Guards took the prisoners and encouraged and meet priest and family visit.
• Later at the end R&R 819 was punished cells with chant.
• Zimbardo found emotional 819. psychologist not prison, go home 819.

Prisoner 8612: Intransigence

• Prisoners 8612 and 36 hour that start in experiment.
• Problem start being accused was officer Bob for Sunday morning.
• The officer Bob considered what was up, and he mentioned officer rights.
• On the way Guard Vandy mentioned he did not like 8612 bed/ way.
• 8612 was sent to the hole 819.
• 8612 came back to Cell, couldn't start at Cell 1 from prisoner.
• 8612 called from out with fuck dr experiment. -Took our beds and this can't be believed Zimbardo.
• 1037 came to stop 8612.
• Shot burst ordering to not open door Prisoner

3401 Colonization

• 3401 was only Asian-American
• 8612 said I can't leave here from the colonizer only get stuck
• They can't get away

Prisoner 2093

• He converted because his disciplined actions and civil rights
• He wanted to improve government
• He had no resistant
• Some police knew he was karate.
• other named him Sgt.
• 2093 had conflict. willing to give a dish after rising. he other was quick in response. It's natural to be obedient
• Other called A Hole but wouldn't profane.
• Power show.

Prison Guards

• Studies say exhaustion and bad treatment is in guards

Study

• Officers was not the best guards with 43% rule .
• 14% were hard line enforcement.
• 21, ½ % was good will worker; trying their very best. working in inmates easy ways.
• 7. ½ percent were loners. and always followed the code to validate them.

Stanford Guards

• All the prisoners were the Debriefing
• Farkus made guards were creative. and singled them out for hard time.
• Some other was helping worker .
• Other guards fell according code and were book keepers. negative more hostlle
• Hostile Guards gave orders increase numbers with prisoners Hellmann head guy. wayne the hardest, twice better shift avg wise.

McDermott

• The Grievance Board and glasses return
• The religious and lesser work
• Good name serve that was real.

Prescott

• He was a lead figure, he was the expert.
• They changed the mind/process
• He got asked what he really wanted.
• Was charged with a good amount prison related.
• The bad guys can get to physics studies.

Colleague Wife and psychology department

• Zimbardo colleague got angry. and the questions from Bower was irrelevant
• The simulation needs to be understood
• Simulation want natural dynamic
• Bother and wife had a nice chat and bought Doughnuts.
• Simulation let them know that there has been medical.
• Group could do comparison in the future. a man of control group

Research of practices

• Zimbardo knew evil over time.
• What help is there from jail overall through SPE studies and it's shown that prisoner types doesn't matter but value, norms jail
• The focus should be group, but not individuals
• Milgram and what Zimbardo did transient with intense. But no affect for a bit time.
• The tests administered was there mood changes at end prison
• Initial levels showed prison.
• Positive tests. Both shows test good change, suggesting bad effects and good effects and the good effect is because prisoners are participating/played.

Illustrations point comparison Abu

• This camp came out over prisoners abuse and war prisoner torture in Iraq.
• Failure led the report for processing for all. and the commander started relationship from improvise that make issues.
• These exact things enable guards with their prisoner control and make bad decisions.

Study 4

• Two or three bad is why and how it occurred, as its showed.
• He influenced all and was good to his words.
• The focus on prisoners did let know take over and over to change by make hands etc.
• Fortunate by Chris he listened to it and take bad points.