Pharmacology 1.1

What is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain?

What is the primary mechanism of termination of action of a bolus dose of an anesthetic induction agent?

Which measure is considered the best indicator of renal function?

What is the efficacy of a drug a function of?

What is the primary factor determining clearance of high hepatic extraction ratio drugs?

How can the pharmacokinetics of most anesthetic drugs be adequately described?

What is the term for the lag between peak plasma concentration and peak effect?

Which receptor type binds an extracellular molecule and converts the input into a change in intracellular behavior?

What is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS)?

Which type of Glutamate Receptors is associated with rapid synaptic transmission and synaptic plasticity?

What ion channel receptor opens when ion channels open and ions flow in or out based on their concentration gradients in the resting membrane potential?

Which ion exits the cell to repolarize it following a depolarization?

Which neurotransmitter acts as an excitatory stimulus at central nervous system nicotinic acetylcholine receptors producing arousal?

What is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain?

"When two GABA molecules bind the GABAA receptor, what opens to hyperpolarize the cell?"

What ion does not have a higher extracellular concentration among Na+, Cl-, and Ca++?

Which type of Glutamate Receptors is associated with neuropathic pain and opioid tolerance?

Which ion channel receptor is blocked by local anesthetics?

Which of the following is NOT a step in the process of synaptic transmission?

Which factor decreases neuronal excitability?

An agonist is characterized by:

What defines the potency of a drug?

What distinguishes a competitive antagonist from a noncompetitive antagonist?

Which model allows for receptor activation in the absence of agonist and provides a better understanding of partial and inverse agonists?

What is the concept of spare receptors associated with?

What type of drugs come in basic solutions to render them more water-soluble?

What happens when pKa = pH for a drug?

What does pKa - pH indicate for a weak base drug?

What does pKa - pH indicate for a weak acid drug?

What does a negative value of pKa - pH indicate for a weak base drug?

Which enzyme is responsible for the metabolism of the majority of drugs?

What is the equation for hepatic extraction ratio (ER)?

What type of metabolism is observed for low hepatic extraction ratio (HER) drugs?

Which process involves the increase in drugs' polarity preparing it for phase II reactions?

What is considered the best measure of renal function?

Which type of metabolism is more affected by enzyme induction or inhibition?

What is the total amount of drug excreted over a specific time called?

What type of drugs have limited capacity to take up and metabolize in the liver?

Which type of process involves actively secreting protein bound drug during renal clearance?

In a zero-order process, the rate of change is:

A first-order process involves a rate of change that is:

What do flood compartment models group into compartments based on perfusion?

Which type of model involves measuring the concentration of drug in each tissue at multiple times?

What do stochastic models primarily vary by incorporating?

In the context-sensitive decrement-time, what increases with the increased duration of the infusion?

What does MACAWAKE represent?

What do isoconcentration nomograms use to plot the plasma concentration achieved over time with various infusion rates?

What does the BET dosing scheme stand for?

What do target-controlled infusions depend on?

What is the mechanism behind patient controlled postoperative analgesia with alfentanil?

How is drug delivery controlled in closed-loop infusions?

Which model is designed to look at the net effect of combining two drugs which may be Additive, Synergistic, or Antagonistic?

What is the primary determinant of metabolic rate, leading to alterations in CYP450 enzymes?

What does the therapeutic index of a drug indicate?

What is the primary mechanism of termination of action of a bolus dose of an anesthetic induction agent?

What does the Flood interpatient variability refer to?

Which type of glutamate receptors is associated with rapid synaptic transmission and synaptic plasticity?

Which type of drug is easily absorbed from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and pharmacologically active?

What is the principle site of absorption for oral administration of drugs?

Which route of administration bypasses the liver?

What is the most rapid equilibrating tissue for a drug that has reached the systemic circulation?

What is the primary mechanism of termination of action of a bolus dose of an anesthetic induction agent?

What is the formula for volume of distribution (Vd)?

Which factor does NOT affect the volume of distribution of a drug?

What do changes in plasma protein concentrations have the greatest effect on?

Which process is NOT part of elimination?

Cytochrome P450 enzymes are primarily located in which organ for drug metabolism?