Pharmacology 1.1
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain?

  • Serotonin
  • Glutamate
  • Dopamine
  • GABA (correct)

    • What is the primary mechanism of termination of action of a bolus dose of an anesthetic induction agent?

  • Excretion by the kidneys
  • Redistribution to the vessel intermediate group (correct)
  • Metabolism by the liver
  • Rapid equilibration with the effect site

    • Which measure is considered the best indicator of renal function?

  • Creatinine clearance
  • Glomerular filtration rate (correct)
  • Liver blood flow
  • Enzymatic activity

    • What is the efficacy of a drug a function of?

    <p>Nature of the drug as a full, partial, or inverse agonist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor determining clearance of high hepatic extraction ratio drugs?

    <p>Liver blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can the pharmacokinetics of most anesthetic drugs be adequately described?

    <p>Two compartment model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the lag between peak plasma concentration and peak effect?

    <p>Hysteresis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptor type binds an extracellular molecule and converts the input into a change in intracellular behavior?

    <p>Cell Surface Receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS)?

    <p>Glutamate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of Glutamate Receptors is associated with rapid synaptic transmission and synaptic plasticity?

    <p>AMPA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ion channel receptor opens when ion channels open and ions flow in or out based on their concentration gradients in the resting membrane potential?

    <p>Chloride-gated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ion exits the cell to repolarize it following a depolarization?

    <p>Potassium (K+)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter acts as an excitatory stimulus at central nervous system nicotinic acetylcholine receptors producing arousal?

    <p>Acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain?

    <p>GABA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    "When two GABA molecules bind the GABAA receptor, what opens to hyperpolarize the cell?"

    <p>Chloride channel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ion does not have a higher extracellular concentration among Na+, Cl-, and Ca++?

    <p>Potassium (K+)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of Glutamate Receptors is associated with neuropathic pain and opioid tolerance?

    <p>NMDA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ion channel receptor is blocked by local anesthetics?

    <p>Sodium-gated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a step in the process of synaptic transmission?

    <p>Change in permeability and ion flux due to receptor activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor decreases neuronal excitability?

    <p>Hypoxia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An agonist is characterized by:

    <p>Maximal response when all receptor sites are occupied</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the potency of a drug?

    <p>The dose needed to produce a defined effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a competitive antagonist from a noncompetitive antagonist?

    <p>The ability to be overcome by large doses of agonist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which model allows for receptor activation in the absence of agonist and provides a better understanding of partial and inverse agonists?

    <p>Allosteric receptor activation model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the concept of spare receptors associated with?

    <p>Maximal tissue response in the absence of 100% receptor binding by an agonist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of drugs come in basic solutions to render them more water-soluble?

    <p>Weak bases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when pKa = pH for a drug?

    <p>The drug is 50% ionized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does pKa - pH indicate for a weak base drug?

    <p>The percentage of the drug that is non-ionized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does pKa - pH indicate for a weak acid drug?

    <p>The percentage of the drug that is ionized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a negative value of pKa - pH indicate for a weak base drug?

    <p>More than 50% of the drug is non-ionized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for the metabolism of the majority of drugs?

    <p>CYP3A4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the equation for hepatic extraction ratio (ER)?

    <p>ER = Cinflow – Coutflow / Cinflow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of metabolism is observed for low hepatic extraction ratio (HER) drugs?

    <p>Capacity-limited metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process involves the increase in drugs' polarity preparing it for phase II reactions?

    <p>Hydrolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered the best measure of renal function?

    <p>GFR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of metabolism is more affected by enzyme induction or inhibition?

    <p>Capacity-limited metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total amount of drug excreted over a specific time called?

    <p>Renal clearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of drugs have limited capacity to take up and metabolize in the liver?

    <p>Low HER drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of process involves actively secreting protein bound drug during renal clearance?

    <p>Tubular secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a zero-order process, the rate of change is:

    <p>Constant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A first-order process involves a rate of change that is:

    <p>Proportional to the amount of drug present</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do flood compartment models group into compartments based on perfusion?

    <p>Individual organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of model involves measuring the concentration of drug in each tissue at multiple times?

    <p>Physiologic models</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do stochastic models primarily vary by incorporating?

    <p>Mean residence time (MRT)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context-sensitive decrement-time, what increases with the increased duration of the infusion?

    <p>Distribution to peripheral tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does MACAWAKE represent?

    <p>Drug concentration at 50% patient wakefulness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do isoconcentration nomograms use to plot the plasma concentration achieved over time with various infusion rates?

    <p>Pharmacokinetic model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the BET dosing scheme stand for?

    Signup and view all the answers

    What do target-controlled infusions depend on?

    <p>Pharmacokinetic parameters derived from population studies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism behind patient controlled postoperative analgesia with alfentanil?

    <p>A small infusion rate that gradually increases based on patient demand</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is drug delivery controlled in closed-loop infusions?

    <p>The patient's brain activity and feedback signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which model is designed to look at the net effect of combining two drugs which may be Additive, Synergistic, or Antagonistic?

    <p>Response surface model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary determinant of metabolic rate, leading to alterations in CYP450 enzymes?

    <p>Genetic causes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the therapeutic index of a drug indicate?

    <p>The ratio of LD50/ED50</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of termination of action of a bolus dose of an anesthetic induction agent?

    <p>Receptor desensitization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Flood interpatient variability refer to?

    <p>Variation in plasma concentration required to achieve the same effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of glutamate receptors is associated with rapid synaptic transmission and synaptic plasticity?

    <p>AMPA receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of drug is easily absorbed from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and pharmacologically active?

    <p>Easily absorbed from the GI tract and pharmacologically inactive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the principle site of absorption for oral administration of drugs?

    <p>Small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which route of administration bypasses the liver?

    <p>Oral transmucosal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most rapid equilibrating tissue for a drug that has reached the systemic circulation?

    <p>Brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of termination of action of a bolus dose of an anesthetic induction agent?

    <p>Redistribution to other tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for volume of distribution (Vd)?

    <p>$Vd = \frac{Amount\ of\ drug\ administered}{Initial\ drug\ plasma\ concentration}$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT affect the volume of distribution of a drug?

    <p>Protein binding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do changes in plasma protein concentrations have the greatest effect on?

    <p>$Drug\ potency$ due to changes in receptor binding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is NOT part of elimination?

    <p>$Distribution$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cytochrome P450 enzymes are primarily located in which organ for drug metabolism?

    <p>$Heart$</p> Signup and view all the answers

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