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Questions and Answers

Which bodily fluid is thought to cause melancholia (depression) according to the humoral theory?

  • Blood
  • Phlegm
  • Choler
  • Black bile (correct)

    • Emil Kraepelin was significantly involved in the treatment of psychological disorders.

    False

    What term describes a person who is calm under stress and has an apathy personality?

    Phlegmatic

    According to the humoral theory, too much ____ was thought to lead to melancholia.

    <p>black bile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the personality types with their corresponding humor:

    <p>Sanguine = Blood Melancholic = Black bile Phlegmatic = Phlegm Choleric = Choler or yellow bile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the psychosocial approach known as moral therapy?

    <p>Emotional or psychological factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term 'sanguine' refers to a personality trait associated with a ruddy complexion and optimism.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is considered one of the founding fathers of modern psychiatry?

    <p>Emil Kraepelin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes symptoms that do not cause clinically significant distress or impairment?

    <p>Subclinical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The DSM-5 requires a complete diagnosis to include the ICD-10 code for all disorders.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in writing a correct DSM-5 diagnosis?

    <p>Determine the disorder that meets the criteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition is commonly referred to as the _____

    <p>DSM-5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the sections of DSM-5 with their purpose:

    <p>Section I = Introduction/Use of Manual Section II = Diagnostic Criteria and Codes Section III = Emerging Measures and Models</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is NOT commonly reported in Ataque de Nervios?

    <p>Happiness and laughter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The DSM-5 is primarily a categorical diagnostic manual.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In case of multiple diagnoses, how should they be listed?

    <p>The principal diagnosis is listed first, followed by other diagnoses in descending order of clinical importance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated prevention aimed at?

    <p>Individuals showing early signs of problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cohort effects occur when participants of different age groups report similar experiences.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of diagnosis in the field of psychopathology?

    <p>To enable clinicians and scientists to communicate accurately about cases and research.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Symptoms are ____ observations of the syndrome, while signs are ____ observations.

    <p>subjective; objective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms related to diagnosis:

    <p>Diagnosis = Label for a syndrome Signs = Objective observations Symptoms = Subjective experiences Syndrome = Collection of signs and symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a variation of correlation research?

    <p>Cross-sectional designs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Criterion validity is only evaluated through subjective measures.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was one of the first psychiatrists to classify psychological disorders from a biological point of view?

    <p>Emil Kraepelin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three definitions of syndrome provided in the content?

    <ol> <li>Disease or disorder with a specific group of signs and symptoms; 2) A collection of signs and symptoms characterizing a disease; 3) A combination of signs and symptoms.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

    Axis II of the DSM coding system includes only personality disorders and intellectual disability.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term did Emil Kraepelin use to describe the disorder known today as schizophrenia?

    <p>dementia praecox</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Axis IV in the DSM is used for reporting ________ problems that might impact the disorder.

    <p>psychosocial and environmental</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the Axis of the DSM with its description:

    <p>Axis I = Clinical disorders Axis II = Personality disorders and intellectual disability Axis III = Physical conditions Axis IV = Psychosocial and environmental problems Axis V = Current level of functioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major update to the DSM was published in 2013?

    <p>DSM-5</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The first DSM manual was published in 1952.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary purpose of the DSM-IV-TR revision?

    <p>To improve consistency and clarify issues related to the diagnosis of psychological disorders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'reliability' in clinical assessment refer to?

    <p>The consistency of measurements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Interrater reliability measures the agreement between two observers.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the type of reliability that measures the same test taken multiple times?

    <p>Test-retest reliability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ approach to classifying human behavior originates from Emil Kraepelin.

    <p>Categorical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of reliability mentioned?

    <p>Authorship Reliability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Some experts believe it is ethical to classify human behavior as 'normal' or 'abnormal'.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern regarding classification in human behavior according to the content?

    <p>The ethical implications and appropriateness of classifying behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of reliability with its description:

    <p>Interrater Reliability = Agreement between different observers Test-retest Reliability = Consistency of scores across time Alternate-form Reliability = Comparison of different test forms Internal Consistency Reliability = Assessing the consistency among items in a test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the reaction that activates during potentially life-threatening emergencies?

    <p>Fight or flight response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The classification system that is often used in scientific contexts is called nomenclature.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three components that emotion scientists agree emotion is composed of?

    <p>Behavior, physiology, and cognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The process of determining whether an individual meets the criteria for a psychological disorder is called __________.

    <p>diagnosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Classification = Efforts to construct groups or categories Taxonomy = Scientific classification of entities Nosology = Classification of disorders in healthcare Nomenclature = Names or labels of disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the principle of equifinality indicate in developmental psychopathology?

    <p>Multiple paths can lead to the same outcome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Nomenclature describes the criteria for diagnosing psychological disorders.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the DSM-5 used for in psychology?

    <p>It is used to diagnose psychological disorders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Abnormal Psychology Study Notes

    • Mental Disorder: A psychological dysfunction within an individual associated with distress or impairment in functioning, and a response that is not typical or culturally expected. Clinical significance is crucial.

    • 4Ds of Abnormal Behavior:

      • Deviance: Behavior that deviates from societal norms.
      • Dysfunction: Impairment in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning.
      • Distress: Experience of emotional, or physical discomfort.
      • Dangerous: Behavior that could lead to harm to self or others.

    • Mental Health Professions:

      • Counseling Psychologists: Focus on adjustment issues and vocational concerns in healthy individuals.
      • Clinical Psychologists: Treat severe psychological disorders and develop expertise in diagnosis and therapy.
      • Psychiatric Social Workers: Provide social support and address life stressors related to disorders, often in institutional settings.
      • Psychiatric Nurses: Treat individuals with psychological disorders, often part of a treatment team.
      • Marriage and Family Therapists: Focus on couple and family issues, often under the supervision of a licensed professional.
      • Mental Health Counselors: Offer clinical services to improve emotional, behavioral, and other issues.
      • Psychiatrists: Medical doctors specializing in psychiatry, diagnosing and treating disorders, taking a biological approach.

    • Historical Conceptions of Abnormal Behavior:

      • Supernatural Tradition: Abnormal behavior was often attributed to supernatural causes such as demons, spirits, or divine intervention.
      • Biological Tradition: Greek physicians like Hippocrates and Galen emphasized the role of the brain in mental disorders. Humoral theory (linked psychological to physical imbalances) was an important aspect in that era.
      • Psychological Tradition: Emphasis on emotional factors and social interactions in understanding abnormal behavior (moral therapy).

    • Contemporary Perspectives:

      • Biological: Emphasizes the role of brain structure and function, genes, neurotransmitters (serotonin, dopamine, etc.).
      • Psychological: Focuses on thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, cognitive distortions, learning experiences (classical and operant conditioning).
      • Social: Accounts for social interactions, cultural influences on distress, and cultural syndromes (e.g., ataques de nervios).
      • Integrative Approach: Understanding disorders as resulting from an interaction of multiple factors (biological, psychological, social).

    • Contemporary Methods:

      • Clinical Assessment: Systematic evaluation of psychological, biological, and social factors in an individual with possible disorder.
      • Diagnosis: Determination if the presenting issues meet diagnostic criteria (e.g., DSM-5).
      • Neuroimaging: Techniques like CAT scans, MRI, PET scans, and fMRI provide insights into brain structure and function.
      • Classification: Using categories to organize and understand disorders (e.g., DSM-5).
      • Cross-sectional Designs: Comparing different groups of people at various ages simultaneously.
      • Longitudinal Designs: Observing a single group of people over time.
      • Epidemiology: Study of the occurrence, distribution, and consequences of disorders in populations.
      • Placebo Effect: A phenomenon where symptoms improve due to a belief or expectation of improvement.

    • Prevention Approaches:

      • Health promotion: Building skills to prevent future problems.
      • Universal prevention strategies: Target entire populations.
      • Selective prevention: Focus on specific groups at risk.
      • Indicated prevention: Targeting individuals showing signs of developing disorders.

    • Culture-Bound Syndromes: Patterns of distress that are recognized in specific cultural groups. Examples include amok, ataques de nervios, and hikikomori.

    • Classifying Disorders: Categorical vs. dimensional (degree).

      • DSM-5: Major diagnostic manual used by clinicians in the US, has been revised multiple times.
      • ICD-10: International Classification of Diseases, used globally in the assessment and classification of diseases.
      • Nosology: Study of disease classifications.
      • Nomenclature: The naming of disorders.

    • Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorders:

      • Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): Symptoms following exposure to a traumatic event.
      • Acute Stress Disorder: Similar to PTSD, but symptoms occur within the first month after trauma.
      • Adjustment Disorders: Experience of persistent anxiety or depression after a stressful event (not necessarily traumatic).
      • Reactive Attachment Disorder: In children, difficulty forming attachments to caregivers, often due to early abuse or neglect.
      • Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder: Lack of inhibition socializing with others even strangers.

    • Anxiety Disorders:

      • Panic Disorder: Recurrent, unexpected panic attacks. Can accompany agoraphobia (fear of open spaces, crowds).
      • Specific Phobias: Intense fear concerning specific objects, animals places, etc.
      • Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD): Fear of social situations.
      • Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD): Excessive, long-lasting anxiety.
      • Separation Anxiety Disorder - Fear in relation to separation of significant others.

    • Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders:

      • Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD): Intrusive, unwanted thoughts and urges (obsessions) followed by compulsions (ritualistic acts).
      • Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD): Preoccupation with perceived flaws in physical appearance.
      • Trichotillomania (Hair-Pulling Disorder): An irresistible urge to pull out one's own hair.
      • Excoriation (Skin-Picking Disorder): Repetitive and compulsive picking of the skin.

    • Dissociative Disorders:

      • Depersonalization-Derealization Disorder: Feelings of detachment from oneself or surroundings.
      • Dissociative Amnesia: Inability to remember important personal information.
      • Dissociative Fugue: Sudden travel or wandering away from home with accompanying memory loss.
      • Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID): Presence of two or more distinct identities (alters).

    • Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders:

      • Somatic Symptom Disorder: Physical symptoms that cause significant distress or impairment, but no obvious medical cause.
      • Illness Anxiety Disorder: Preoccupation with acquiring or developing a serious illness despite medical reassurance.

    • Neurocognitive Disorders:

      • Delirium: Acute, temporary confusion and disorientation.
      • Major Neurocognitive Disorder: Significant cognitive decline (e.g., dementia).
      • Mild Neurocognitive Disorder: Modest cognitive decline.
      • Neurocognitive Disorder Due to Alzheimer's Disease: Decline in cognitive function due to Alzheimer's-related brain changes.
      • Vascular Neurocognitive Disorder : Problems with blood flow causing cognitive decline.
      • Neurocognitive Disorder Due to Prion Disease: Rare, fatal disorder with no known treatment.
      • Neurocognitive Disorder Due to Another Medical Condition: broad neurological conditions causing cognitive decline.

    • Mood Disorders:

      • Major Depressive Disorder: Chronic episodes of depressed mood, accompanied by various physical or cognitive symptoms, lasting at least two weeks.
      • Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia): Chronic low-level depression.
      • Manic Episode: Period of elevated mood, increased energy, and activity.
      • Hypomanic Episode: Less severe version of a manic episode.
      • Bipolar I Disorder: Major depressive episodes alternating with full manic episodes.
      • Bipolar II Disorder: Major depressive episodes alternating with hypomanic episodes.
      • Cyclothymic Disorder: Chronic mood swings between hypomania and mild depression.

    • Eating Disorders:

      • Anorexia Nervosa: Excessive dieting, fear of gaining weight, and distorted body image.
      • Bulimia Nervosa: Binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors (vomiting, laxatives).
      • Binge Eating Disorder (BED): Frequent binge eating without compensatory behaviors.

    • Sleep-Wake Disorders:

      • Insomnia Disorder: Difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep.
      • Hypersomnolence Disorder: Excessive daytime sleepiness.
      • Narcolepsy: Sleep attacks, cataplexy (sudden muscle weakness).
      • Breathing-Related Sleep Disorders: Sleep apnea.

    • Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Characterized by difficulties with inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity.

    • Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): Neurodevelopmental disorder displaying impairments in social communication and interaction, and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities.

    • Intellectual Disability (Intellectual Developmental Disorder): Significant limitations in intellectual abilities and adaptive functioning.

    • Disorders related to aging- Some are mentioned within the other categories.

    • Other Related Disorders: include, for example, other impulse-control disorders, and psychotic disorders, as well as other disorders mentioned in the text.

    • The note on the disorders related to sex are presented with a particular emphasis on how cultural factors affects the development and experience of such disorders.

    • These are briefly presented, as Paraphilic Disorders, Gender Dysphoria, and Disorders of Sex Development (DSD).

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