Mental Disorders - AB Psych
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Questions and Answers

What is a key characteristic of Somatic Symptom Disorder?

  • Symptoms that improve with age
  • Symptoms unrelated to daily functioning
  • One or more symptoms causing distress and disruption of daily life (correct)
  • Lack of any symptoms

    • Which factor does NOT influence the chronicity of Somatic Symptom Disorder?

  • Season (correct)
  • Level of impairment
  • Age of the individual
  • Number of symptoms

    • What is NOT a cognitive feature of Somatic Symptom Disorder?

  • Worry about illness
  • Complete disregard for physical health (correct)
  • Attention focused on somatic symptoms
  • Attribution of normal bodily sensations to physical illness

    • Which of the following terms best describes the nature of Somatic Symptom Disorder?

    <p>Chronic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a feature of Somatic Symptom Disorder?

    <p>Symptoms unrelated to daily life disruption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common physical consequence of chronic purging in bulimia nervosa?

    <p>Enlargement of salivary glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sleeping disorder is characterized by the inability to fall asleep or stay asleep?

    <p>Insomnia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which sleep stage do the majority of story-like dreams occur?

    <p>REM Sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which behavior is NOT commonly associated with binge eating disorder?

    <p>Sustained dietary restriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of enuresis does the voiding of urine primarily occur during sleep?

    <p>Nocturnal enuresis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a subtype of encopresis?

    <p>With constipation and overflow incontinence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term refers to the ratio of actual time spent asleep to the time spent in bed?

    <p>Sleep Efficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is measured by sleep architecture?

    <p>Distribution of sleep stages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subtype of enuresis involves urinary incontinence during the daytime?

    <p>Diurnal enuresis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is commonly found alongside enuresis in children without constipation and overflow incontinence?

    <p>Encopresis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disorders are more common among first-degree biological relatives of individuals with cyclothymic disorder?

    <p>MDD, BP1, and BP2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptoms are often present in adolescents with mania?

    <p>Complex presentations including psychotic symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is severe irritability in children with bipolar disorder often associated with?

    <p>Violence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following refers to individual differences in the threshold and intensity of emotional experience?

    <p>Emotion Reactivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does emotion regulation involve?

    <p>Enhancing, maintaining, or inhibiting emotional arousal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which eating disorder is characterized by eating non-nutritive, non-food substances for at least 1 month?

    <p>Pica</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a feature or characteristic of rumination disorder?

    <p>Lack of interest in eating food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What disorder might precede the onset of anorexia nervosa?

    <p>Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following disorders can co-occur with pica?

    <p>ASD and OCD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term dysregulation mean in the context of emotional regulation?

    <p>Control structures operate maladaptively</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of Somatic Symptom Disorder?

    <p>Excessive or disproportionate thoughts, feelings, or behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Illness Anxiety Disorder is characterized by:

    <p>Preoccupation with having or acquiring a serious illness for 6 months or more</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disorder involves altered voluntary motor or sensory function that does not align with recognized neurological conditions?

    <p>Conversion Disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common co-occurrence with Panic Disorder?

    <p>Conversion Disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true about Factitious Disorder?

    <p>It involves presenting oneself or another as ill without obvious rewards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of Depersonalization-Derealization Disorder?

    <p>Altered perception of own reality or the external world</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dissociative Amnesia includes which of the following features?

    <p>Inability to recall important autobiographical information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Psychological Factors Affecting Other Medical Conditions require:

    <p>Psychological or behavioral factors affecting the course of a medical condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disorder is characterized by disruption of identity with two or more distinct personality states?

    <p>Dissociative Identity Disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition usually follows an unexpected trip and involves memory loss?

    <p>Dissociative Fugue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disorder involves recurrent temper outbursts that are grossly out of proportion to the situation?

    <p>Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a typical duration for Persistent Depressive Disorder?

    <p>≥ 2 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates Major Depressive Disorder from Seasonal Affective Disorder?

    <p>Seasonal Affective Disorder requires a seasonal pattern for diagnosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disorder is associated with hyperactivity in the HPA axis?

    <p>Major Depressive Disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature is commonly associated with Dissociative Identity Disorder?

    <p>Comorbid with PTSD and depressive disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which age range is appropriate for the onset of Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder?

    <p>6–18 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long must depressive symptoms persist to be diagnosed with Major Depressive Disorder?

    <p>At least 2 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Double Depression?

    <p>When a person has both Major Depressive Episode and Persistent Depressive Disorder with fewer symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disorder includes mood disruption that is severe in at least one setting and mild to moderate in a second setting?

    <p>Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which depressive disorder's onset is described as an acute grief reaction?

    <p>Integrated Grief</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who combined symptoms of mania and melancholia into what is now known as bipolar disorder?

    <p>Aretaeus of Cappadocia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnosis includes both manic and major depressive episodes with psychotic features?

    <p>Bipolar I disorder, with psychotic features</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be considered when diagnosing Bipolar I in children?

    <p>Onset and medical history</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who described melancholia and mania as distempers of raving?

    <p>Willis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What year did Theophile Bonet begin using the term melancholicus mania?

    <p>1679</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept did Emil Kraeplin employ in the classification of mood disorders?

    <p>Manic-depressive insanity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Bipolar II disorder from cyclothymic disorder?

    <p>Presence of major depressive episodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long must a hypomanic episode last to meet the criteria for Bipolar II disorder?

    <p>4 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common feature of Bipolar II disorder during hypomanic episodes?

    <p>Impulsivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a frequently comorbid condition found in youths with Bipolar I disorder?

    <p>Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is required for a diagnosis of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Hypopnea?

    <p>At least 4 obstructive apneas or hypopneas per hour of sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sleep disorder is characterized by hypocretin deficiency and REM sleep latency less than or equal to 15 minutes?

    <p>Narcolepsy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines Central Sleep Apnea?

    <p>5 or more central apneas per hour of sleep evidenced by polysomnography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disorder involves a persistent or recurrent pattern of sleep disruption due to misalignment of the circadian rhythm?

    <p>Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sleep disorder is characterized by sleepwalking or sleep terrors, mainly in children, and results in amnesia of the events?

    <p>Non-REM Sleep Arousal Disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What sleep disorder involves repeated occurrences of extremely dysphoric and well-remembered dreams during REM sleep?

    <p>Nightmare Disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disorder is associated with an urge to move the legs, usually accompanied by uncomfortable sensations, especially in the evening?

    <p>Restless Legs Disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of Sleep-Related Hypoventilation?

    <p>Episodes of decreased respiration associated with elevated CO2 levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptoms define Delayed Ejaculation?

    <p>Delay or absence of ejaculation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How often must Restless Legs Disorder symptoms occur for diagnosis?

    <p>3 times a week for at least 3 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Bipolar Disorders

    • Bipolar disorder may be a more severe variant of mood disorders
    • Depression and mania are the world's first documented mental illnesses
    • Aretaeus of Cappadocia combined depression and mania into bipolar disorder
    • Theophile Bonet used the term "melancholicus mania" in 1679
    • Willis described "Melancholia" and "Mania" as distempers of raving
    • Emil Kraeplin categorized mood disorders, including bipolar disorder, as "manic-depressive insanity"

    Diagnostic Considerations for Depressive Disorder due to Another Medical Condition

    • No depressive episodes prior to the medical condition
    • Probability that the medical condition causes a depressive disorder

    Bipolar I (Manic)

    • At least one manic episode (elation and euphoria)
    • Children's behavior judged against their own baseline
    • First episode usually a major depressive episode (MDE)
    • Factors to consider: family history, onset, medical history, psychotic symptoms, and treatment response

    Children and Bipolar Disorder

    • Changes in behavior represent a clear change from the child's typical behavior
    • Symptoms of mood lability and impulsivity must be a distinct episode
    • Youths who meet DSM-5 criteria for BP display significant impairment in functioning

    Bipolar II (Hypomanic)

    • One or more hypomanic episodes and one or more MDE
    • Often begins with depressive episodes
    • Highly recurrent
    • Once hypomanic episode occurs, it never reverts to MDD
    • Co-occurring disorders common (e.g., anxiety disorders, ADHD)

    Mood, Bipolar, and Cyclothymic Disorders

    • Cyclothymic disorder: mood disorder with hypomanic and depressive episodes
    • Comorbid disorders: substance-related disorders, sleep disorders
    • Emotion regulation difficulties in children with bipolar disorder
    • Emotion reactivity: individual differences in emotional experience
    • Emotion regulation: enhancing, maintaining, or inhibiting emotional arousal

    Eating Disorders

    • Pica: eating non-nutritive substances for at least 1 month
    • Rumination disorder: repeated regurgitation of food for at least 1 month
    • Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder: eating or feeding disturbance
    • Anorexia Nervosa: fear of gaining weight, subtypes: binge-eating/purging type and restricting type
    • Bulimia Nervosa: recurrent episodes of binge eating and purging
    • Binge Eating Disorder: recurrent episodes of binge eating

    Elimination Disorders

    • Enuresis: repeated voiding of urine in bed or clothes
    • Encopresis: repeated passage of feces into inappropriate places

    Sleeping Disorders

    • Insomnia: difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep
    • Sleep Disorders: Dyssomnias (e.g., insomnia, sleep apnea) and Parasomnias (e.g., sleepwalking, sleep terrors)
    • Sleep continuity: overall balance of sleep and wakefulness
    • Sleep latency: amount of time required to fall asleep
    • Wake after sleep onset: amount of awake time between sleep onset and final awakening

    Somatic Symptom Disorders

    • Somatic Symptom Disorder: excessive thoughts, feelings, or behavior related to somatic symptoms
    • Illness Anxiety Disorder: preoccupation with having or acquiring serious illness
    • Conversion Disorder: altered voluntary motor or sensory function
    • Factitious Disorder: falsification of physical or psychological symptoms
    • Psychological Factors Affecting Other Medical Conditions: psychological or behavioral factors affect a medical condition

    Dissociative Disorders

    • Depersonalization-Derealization Disorder: detachment from self or the world
    • Dissociative Amnesia: inability to recall important autobiographical information
    • Dissociative Fugue: sudden, unexpected travel away from home
    • Dissociative Identity Disorder: disruption of identity characterized by two or more distinct personality states### Depressive Disorders
    • A diagnosis of "other specified depressive disorder" or "unspecified depressive disorder" may be given in certain cases
    • A separate diagnosis of PDD (Persistent Depressive Disorder) is not made if symptoms occur only during a psychotic disorder
    • Double Depression: a condition in which an individual suffers from both MDE (Major Depressive Episode) and PDD with fewer symptoms

    Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder

    • At least 5 symptoms must be present for most menstrual cycles
    • Delusions and hallucinations can occur in the late luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, but are rare

    Seasonal Affective Disorder

    • Episodes must have occurred for at least 2 years with no evidence of nonseasonal MDE during that time
    • Also known as "Cabin Fever"

    Grief

    • Integrated Grief: acute grief where the finality of death and its consequences are acknowledged, and the individual adjusts to the loss
    • Complicated Grief: a reaction that can develop without a preexisting depressed state

    Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

    • Characterized by switching between personalities
    • Considered an extreme subtype of PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder)
    • Individuals with DID have the highest hypnotic capacity among all clinical groups
    • Often presents with comorbid depression, anxiety, substance abuse, self-injury, or other symptoms
    • Early life trauma is a risk factor for developing DID
    • Several brain regions are implicated in the pathophysiology of DID, including the orbitofrontal cortex, hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus, and amygdala
    • DOES NOT have a classic bipolar sleep disturbance
    • Often comorbid with PTSD, depressive disorders, and substance abuse

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