Von Neumann Architecture and Execution Cycle

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Questions and Answers

Na arquitetura de Von Neumann, qual das seguintes afirmações é verdadeira sobre o armazenamento de dados e instruções?

  • As instruções são fixas e não podem ser alteradas após a criação do programa.
  • A memória armazena apenas os dados, enquanto as instruções são armazenadas em cache na CPU.
  • Um único bloco de memória armazena tanto os dados a serem manipulados quanto as instruções sobre o que fazer com esses dados. (correct)
  • Dados e instruções são armazenados em blocos de memória separados e exclusivos.

Qual componente da CPU é responsável por realizar cálculos matemáticos e operações lógicas?

  • Dispositivos de entrada e saída (E/S)
  • Unidade Lógica e Aritmética (ALU) (correct)
  • Memória Cache
  • Unidade de Controle

Qual das alternativas a seguir descreve corretamente o ciclo de busca e execução em uma CPU?

  • A CPU solicita dados da memória, armazena esses dados em cache e executa a próxima instrução.
  • A CPU executa todas as instruções em sequência, após ler todos os dados necessários da memória.
  • A CPU armazena todas as instruções em um buffer, executa as operações lógicas e então grava os resultados na memória.
  • A CPU busca uma instrução na memória, decodifica essa instrução, executa a instrução e repete o processo para a próxima instrução. (correct)

Qual a principal característica da memória RAM que a diferencia de outros tipos de memória?

<p>É uma memória volátil que perde os dados quando o computador é desligado. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Qual a função da memória cache em um sistema de computação?

<p>Reduzir o tempo de acesso a dados frequentemente usados pela CPU. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Como a memória virtual contribui para o funcionamento de um computador ao rodar programas exigentes?

<p>Permite que o sistema execute programas que exigem mais memória do que a disponível na RAM, usando parte do HD/SSD como extensão da RAM. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Qual a principal diferença entre HDs e SSDs em termos de desempenho e tecnologia?

<p>HDs são mais lentos e mecânicos, enquanto SSDs são mais rápidos e confiáveis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Qual a função do barramento de dados em um sistema de computação?

<p>Transferir dados entre a memória, CPU e dispositivos. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Em termos de arquitetura de processadores, qual a principal vantagem dos processadores multicore?

<p>Permitem a execução de múltiplas tarefas em paralelo, melhorando o desempenho em aplicações multitarefa. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Qual a função do barramento de endereços em um sistema de computação?

<p>Indicar onde os dados estão armazenados na memória. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Flashcards

Von Neumann architecture

A computer architecture where a single memory block stores both data and instructions.

How a computer executes instructions

Executes instructions sequentially, fetching them from memory.

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

The component where processing occurs, contains ALU and Control Unit.

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

Performs mathematical calculations and logical operations.

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Control Unit

Coordinates the execution of instructions.

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Memory

Stores data and programs.

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Input/Output (I/O) Devices

Enables user interaction with the computer (e.g., keyboard, mouse).

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RAM (Random Access Memory)

Stores temporary data and instructions that are currently being processed and loses data when power is off.

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Data Bus

Bus that Transfers data between memory, CPU, and peripherals.

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Cache Memory

A very fast type of memory that stores frequently accessed data for quicker retrieval by the CPU.

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Study Notes

Von Neumann Architecture

  • Prior to Von Neumann architecture, computers were designed for specific tasks with "fixed" instructions.
  • A single memory block can store both the data a computer manipulates and the instructions on how to manipulate it.
  • The computer executes instructions sequentially from memory.
  • The computer has three essential parts
    • Central Processing Unit (CPU)
      • The CPU is where processing happens.
      • It includes the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
        • Performs mathematical calculations and logical operations.
      • It also includes the Control Unit
        • Coordinates the execution of instructions.
    • Memory: Stores data and programs.
    • Input/Output (I/O) Devices: Allow communication between the user and the computer (e.g., keyboard, mouse, monitor).

Execution Cycle Step-by-Step

  • The CPU fetches an instruction from memory.
  • The instruction is decoded.
  • The instruction is executed.
  • The process repeats for the next instruction.

Processor Architectures

16-bit Processors

  • Intel 8086 and 8088 processors were used in the first IBM PCs.
  • They executed 16-bit instructions and could address up to 1MB of memory.

32-bit Processors

  • Intel 80386, Pentium I, II, and III processors came after the 16-bit processors.
  • They have greater processing capacity and support for up to 4GB of RAM.
  • 32-bit processors are the foundation for operating systems like Windows 95 and Linux.

64-bit Processors

  • Examples are AMD Athlon 64, Intel Core 2 Duo, and later processors.
  • They have the ability to address terabytes of RAM.
  • They allow for more efficient processing of advanced tasks, such as graphical computing and artificial intelligence.

Multicore Processors

  • Traditionally, processors had only one core.
  • Dual-core, quad-core, and octa-core processors permit the execution of multiple tasks in parallel.
  • Multicore processors reduced energy consumption and improved performance in multitasking applications.

Types of Memory

RAM (Random Access Memory)

  • RAM stores temporary data and instructions that are being executed.
  • It is volatile; data is lost when the computer is turned off.

ROM (Read Only Memory)

  • ROM stores firmware and permanent instructions.
  • It cannot be altered by the user.

Cache Memory

  • Cache memory is small but extremely fast.
  • It reduces the access time to data frequently used by the CPU.

Virtual Memory

  • Virtual memory uses part of the hard drive (HDD) or solid-state drive (SSD) as an extension of RAM.
  • This helps run programs that require more memory than is available.

Storage

  • HDDs (Hard Disk Drives) are slower and mechanical.
  • SSDs (Solid State Drives) are faster and more reliable and are used in modern computers.

Buses: Connecting Components

Data Bus

  • Transfers data between memory, CPU, and devices.

Address Bus

  • Indicates where data is stored in memory.

Control Bus

  • Coordinates the flow of information and defines whether data will be read or written.

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