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Questions and Answers
How many members does VGIC family have?
How many members does VGIC family have?
- 7
- 143 (correct)
- 70
- 140
Which ion channel is associated with the condition of episodic ataxia?
Which ion channel is associated with the condition of episodic ataxia?
- Kv1.1 and Cav2.1 (correct)
- Cav1.1 and Nav1.4
- Kv1.1, Nav1.4, CLC1
- Kv7.2, Kv7.3, KCa, Nav1.1, Nav1.2, Cav, CLC2
Which ion channel is associated with the condition of paralysis?
Which ion channel is associated with the condition of paralysis?
- Kv1.1 and Cav2.1
- Cav1.1 and Nav1.4 (correct)
- Kv1.1, Nav1.4, CLC1
- Kv7.2, Kv7.3, KCa, Nav1.1, Nav1.2, Cav, CLC2
Which ion channel is associated with the condition of myotonia?
Which ion channel is associated with the condition of myotonia?
Which ion channel is associated with the condition of seizures?
Which ion channel is associated with the condition of seizures?
Which ion channel is associated with Long QT syndrome?
Which ion channel is associated with Long QT syndrome?
Which subunit of VGICs can function on its own?
Which subunit of VGICs can function on its own?
What are 2 members in the VGICs family that show the most diverse range/structure?
What are 2 members in the VGICs family that show the most diverse range/structure?
Which subunit of VGICs can regulate expression levels, location, and trafficking?
Which subunit of VGICs can regulate expression levels, location, and trafficking?
Which ions are controlled by the aqueous pore in VGICs?
Which ions are controlled by the aqueous pore in VGICs?
What is the selectivity of K+ channels over Na+ channels?
What is the selectivity of K+ channels over Na+ channels?
What causes VGICs to open in response to changes in membrane potential?
What causes VGICs to open in response to changes in membrane potential?
What is the mechanism behind inactivation of voltage-dependent Na+ channels?
What is the mechanism behind inactivation of voltage-dependent Na+ channels?
What is the main use of tetrodotoxin in studying Na+ channels?
What is the main use of tetrodotoxin in studying Na+ channels?
What is the mechanism of action of local anesthetics on Na+ channels?
What is the mechanism of action of local anesthetics on Na+ channels?
Which of the following is crucial for pain perception therefore this selective inhibitor can be used for the Treatment of Pain?
Which of the following is crucial for pain perception therefore this selective inhibitor can be used for the Treatment of Pain?
Which type of channels are responsible for setting the cell's resting membrane potential?
Which type of channels are responsible for setting the cell's resting membrane potential?
What is the main role of Kv channels in controlling the cell's rate of firing and shape of the action potential?
What is the main role of Kv channels in controlling the cell's rate of firing and shape of the action potential?
Which type of channels are being developed as potential anti-inflammatory drugs for various immune-related disorders?
Which type of channels are being developed as potential anti-inflammatory drugs for various immune-related disorders?
Which type of channels can trigger muscle contraction, neurotransmitter release, activation of second messenger systems, alteration in gene expression, and apoptosis (Cell death)?
Which type of channels can trigger muscle contraction, neurotransmitter release, activation of second messenger systems, alteration in gene expression, and apoptosis (Cell death)?
These drugs are used for the treatment of chronic pain and epilepsy. These are selective for Cav2.2 (N-Type) that regulate neurotransmitter release in sensory neurones
These drugs are used for the treatment of chronic pain and epilepsy. These are selective for Cav2.2 (N-Type) that regulate neurotransmitter release in sensory neurones
Which ligand can activate TRPV1, the major pungent constituent of chili?
Which ligand can activate TRPV1, the major pungent constituent of chili?
Which ion channels are involved in the influx of Na+ and Ca2+ in dorsal root ganglion neurons, resulting in membrane depolarization and pain perception?
Which ion channels are involved in the influx of Na+ and Ca2+ in dorsal root ganglion neurons, resulting in membrane depolarization and pain perception?
Which ion channels are inhibited by local anesthetics?
Which ion channels are inhibited by local anesthetics?
What is the mechanism of inactivation for voltage-dependent Na+ channels?
What is the mechanism of inactivation for voltage-dependent Na+ channels?
When does deactivation of a channel occur?
When does deactivation of a channel occur?
What is the role of the Ball and Chain model for inactivation of channels?
What is the role of the Ball and Chain model for inactivation of channels?
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Study Notes
Voltage-Gated Ion Channels (VGIC) Family
- VGIC family consists of over 50 members.
- Ion channels involved in various medical conditions include specific VGICs for episodic ataxia, paralysis, myotonia, seizures, and Long QT syndrome.
Ion Channels and Associated Conditions
- Episodic Ataxia: Associated with K+ channels.
- Paralysis: Connected to Na+ channels.
- Myotonia: Related to Cl- channels.
- Seizures: Linked to Na+ channels.
- Long QT Syndrome: Involves K+ channels.
VGIC Subunits and Functions
- Independent Function: Certain subunits can function autonomously.
- Diversity: Na+ and K+ channels exhibit the most diverse range and structure within VGICs.
- Regulation: Auxiliary subunits regulate expression levels, localization, and trafficking of channels.
Ionic Selectivity and Mechanisms
- Aqueous pore in VGICs controls the movement of Na+, K+, and Ca2+ ions.
- K+ channels exhibit high selectivity over Na+ channels, allowing K+ to pass more readily.
- Changes in membrane potential cause VGICs to open, facilitating ion flow.
Inactivation and Mechanisms
- Voltage-dependent Na+ channels undergo a specific mechanism of inactivation, where a segment of the protein occludes the pore.
- Tetrodotoxin is primarily used to study Na+ channels by blocking them.
- Local anesthetics inhibit Na+ channels by stabilizing the inactivated state.
Channel Functions and Therapeutic Targets
- Specific VGICs are crucial for pain perception, making them targets for selective inhibitors in pain treatment.
- Resting membrane potential is maintained by K+ channels.
- Kv channels play a significant role in modulating the firing rate and action potential shape.
Emerging Therapeutics
- Calcium channels (Cav2.2 / N-Type) are being explored as potential anti-inflammatory treatments for immune-related disorders.
- Voltage-gated ion channels trigger muscle contraction, neurotransmitter release, and can initiate apoptosis.
TRPV1 and Pain Perception
- TRPV1 Activation: The pungent component of chili, capsaicin, activates TRPV1 channels.
- Sodium and calcium channels allow influx during pain perception in dorsal root ganglion neurons.
- Local anesthetics act on Na+ channels to mitigate inflammation and pain.
Inactivation Dynamics
- The deactivation of a channel occurs when membrane potential returns to resting state.
- The "Ball and Chain" model describes the physical mechanism underlying the inactivation process of certain ion channels.
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