Volleyball History and Evolution

History of Volleyball

• William G. Morgen invents Mintonette
• A Springfield College observer renames it Volleyball in 1896
• Volleyball spreads through the USA, Canada, and worldwide
• It reaches Europe during World War I
• Beach volleyball is first played in Santa Monica in the 1920s
• Foreign students introduce volleyball to Germany in 1926/27
• Receives international recognition after WWII and technical modifications
• Eastern European teams introduce many tactics
• Fédération Internationale de Volleyball (FIVB) is founded in 1947
• The first world championships take place in 1949
• Women's world championships debut in 1952
• Deutscher Volleyball-Verband (DVV) is founded in 1955
• The first German champion is determined in 1957
• Deutscher Sportverband Volleyball DSVB of the GDR forms in 1958
• Confédération Européenne de Volleyball (CEV) creates in 1963
• Volleyball’s Olympic debut is in 1964
• Beach volleyball becomes Olympic in 1996

Evolution of Rules

• The initial game description is in 1896, but rules are still developing
• A rulebook of 10 paragraphs appears in 1897
• Morgan's rules include a 1.98m net, 25x25 foot field, unlimited players and ball contacts
• Players get a second serve attempt
• "Net rollers" result in point loss
• The attack line is invented in the USSR in 1937
• Current rules like dribbling bans, rotation, three touches per play, and blocking authorization evolve over time

Game Characteristics

• Volleyball involves two teams on a net-divided field aiming to ground the ball in the opponent's area while preventing the same
• A team can hit the ball three times to return it
• Play begins with a serve across the net
• Rallies go until the ball touches the ground, goes "out," or a team fails to return it legally
• Teams score a point on each rally ("Rally-Point-Zählweise")
• The receiving team earns a point, serve, and rotates clockwise ("Rotation")

The Playing Area

• Includes the playing court plus the free zone; rectangular and symmetrical
• The court measures 18x9m enclosed by a 3m free zone
• The free playing area is above the court, free of obstacle at least 7m from playing surface
• Lines are 5cm wide in a light color that contrasts with the floor and other lines

Lines Explained

• Boundary lines: Two sidelines and two baselines mark the playing area
• Centerline: Divides the court into two 9m x 9m halves, extending from sideline to sideline under the net
• Attack line: In each court, 3m from the centerline
• Front zone: Between centerline and attack line
• Service area: A 9m wide space behind the baseline, extending into the free zone
• Substitution zone: Along the bench extending from the attack lines

Nets and Posts

• Net height for men: 2.43m
• Net height for women: 2.24m
• Height measures in the middle of court
• Height cannot exceed 2cm over the sidelines
• Two white sidebands attach vertically above the sidelines
• Antennas: Flexible 1.80m rods of 10mm diameter, fix at the outer edge of the sideband

Teams

• A team consists of up to 12 players, plus coaches, assistants, therapists and a doctor
• Each team has either a marked captain, or a Libero
• Only those in the game sheet can touch the court
• Non-playing players stay on the bench or in the warm-up area
• Clothing consists of jersey, shorts, socks, and shoes
• Jerseys must be numbered 1-18
• Colors must match

Scoring System

• Point awarded when the ball touches the opponents ground, the opponent commits a fault, and an opponent is penalized
• A fault occurs when a team makes an illegal play
• Double faults: When both teams make a fault simultaneously, the point is replayed
• A play is the sequence of actions from start to finish
• Scoring team serves again
• Each set is won when a team scores 25 with two points advantage
• Games are best of five sets, the fifth set is played to 15 points

Startaufstellung

• Startaufstellung: Six players per team on the court, the order can not change
• All other players are substitutes
• Rotation: Players rotate clockwise after winning the serve, and a rotation fault is a loss of play

Player Positions

• At the serve, each team must be in order according to rotation with the exception of the player serving
• After the serve, players can freely post

Important Points of Note

• Each back row must stand behind the front row and that both lines side should keep line
• Violations result in loss of serve and position correction
• Substitutions must be approved by the referee
• A teams can have a maximum of 6 per set
• There can be several players substituted at the same time
• All substitutions can only happen from start or from previous position.
• Exceptions for the Libero

Gameplay: Ball Handling

• Ball contacts: Each team can have 3 contacts (including unintentional ones), in addition to block
• A player cannot touch twice in a row (Block counts as a ball touch)
• Concurrent Contact: two or three player can touch the ball at the same time, this counts as 2-3 contacts
• In the case of joint play above the net, the team that is side the ball lands gets the usual three-ball law

Ballkontaktmerkmale

• The ball can be played with any body part, hit and can not be hold, guide or thrown

More Rules of Play

• Several body parts can touch the play concurrently and blocking allows for some contacts when necessary
• Four Contacts: Four hits or more are a fault
• Held Ball: This means the ball has been caught in an illegal manner
• Double Contact: The ball comes into contact with the player on two separate occasions
• A ball touched in the net may be played in order with in the three-touch rule
• A player may over reach over the net for blocking. hindering with the opponents move is not allowed
• Entering on the net: Entry to the opponents side is allowed if a player is contacting the line with a hand or foot
• No other parts of the body are allowed on that side
• Touching the Net: Touching the net is not a fault unless the move hinders the play in some manner

The Serve

• The serve is the act in which the right side of the player who is positioned furthest back puts the ball into play
• The ball must be hit by any body part of the arm
• The ball can be tossed one time or let go
• The player is not allowed to touch the field at any moment while in serves
• Players must also not touch the serving zone
• The player must aim at the direction pointed in by the referee with in 8 seconds
• Fault: failing to uphold positioning.
• Failing to carry out the serve properly
• Ball passes though another player before going over the net

Attack Strike

• Any actions in which the ball will be play on the opponents side is an attack
• In all cases, excludes blocks
• A forward player may aim for any height during an attack if play on the team
• A back player may carry out an attack in any height, in this cast contact must be behind the area
• No attacks from the other side with contact to the net
• The Libero can not do offensive maneuvers
• Player can go beyond the play and use their hands only if in the players position

The Block

• The block comes from the players near the top portion of the net
• The block involves warding off a blow by an opponent and they can use their arms even when the play is still in progress
• Only front rowers are allowed to preform a block
• Blocks only count if preformed with an offensive manner
• Block does not equate into a played ball
• Blocking the serve is prohibited
• Some blocking faults are
• The player contacting before the other player hits the incoming ball

Interruptions in the Game

• The side will take pauses of about 3 minutes. This also includes pauses of around 10 minutes if called for by a referee
• In terms of breaks, each team will be granted 30 sec to have some sort of a timeout

Unsportsmanlike Conduct

• Minor: These do not result in penalizations, only warnings
• Improper: These are violations of honor and are verbal
• Belittling: slander of some kind
• Violently: This means there was some violence involved

Sanctions for Violations

• Punitive measures will come after minor infractions
• Suspension, the offending member will not be able to be positioned for the set
• Disqualifications means that player can not keep play in any sort of competitive manner

Referee Signals

• The approval of serves
• Players who are playing out of position

Tactics - acceptance formations

• Basically, it is recommended in the basic area to accept with an advanced position 6:
• Passing to Position 3: Passing formation for two specialized passers Both with the three front and the three back players, a specialized passer is set up, whereby only three defense formations are necessary

Physiology

• Volleyball: Strength, speed, agility needed
• Conditioning: Volleyball requires quick movement over short distances (3-6m) + anticipation
• Jumpers knee

Selected Techniques

The Overhead/Pritschen Pass

• The arms and hands take on the form of a elastic basket; the fingers remain wide
• The elbows are visibly lower than the hands
• Flex/fold the wrists back as a means of reaching or touching the passing point
• The body has a slightly bending forward stance with a shoulder width, and weight on the ball of the foot
• Align the shoulder with the passing point

Pass Technique

• The legs and knees should bend when needing too take some kind of impact
• Hands should be held in position when contacting the ball
• The hands should be brought into supination
• The joints remain in the appropriate position when struck

Ball Handling

• Arms and hands in the correct position
• Knees and hips bend accordingly
• Take position in the right position
• Ball in sight
• Shoulders straight
• Over the back

Body Position and Point of Impact

• Ball in line with head and shoulders
• Force is created by the extension of the arms and legs
• Impetus: Crouch to lower center of gravity. Hands at the ready with anticipation on the finger

Typical Mistakes

• Bending
• Poor transfer of weight
• Asymmetric hand positioning
• Incorrect direction

Lower Lever Pass

• The arm that will be used should be tight and the other hand will use that to wrap
• The fingers can flex to a 45 degree angle
• Bending the knees and lowering the upper body
• Ball impact point is where the arm is fully locked

Pass: The Action

• Knees and hips bend with torso inclined slightly forward
• Extended arms in front
• Hands together with thumbs parallel
• Wrists close and pointing slightly down
• Contact the forearm as the legs extend
• This is the only motion used, the back is used to maintain balance
• Contact the ball in front of body
• Continue with leg extension in desired direction

Common Mistakes

• Failure to move into position
• Swinging the arms to hit the ball
• Poor position/trajectory judgement
• Reaching up with the arms

The Bump (Dig)

• One hand is in a fist and the other hand will hold that in place
• The hand position should be to clasp that area tightly
• The forearm needs to clamp properly
• Shoulders need to go forward and push to prevent the overextension of the arm
• Shoulders should then be rolled back for correct position

The Approach

• Crouch with hips and knees, torso inclined slightly to the front
• Keep the head and shoulders still
• To prepare, the player need be in an active stance at all times

Schlagarm (Approach Hit)

• Beginning stance is about the 3meter mark with both feet at shoulder length
• Arms are at the same place/level to the body

Hüfte und Schlagschulter

• The dissolving of the winding/the bow string

Upper Swing

• The striking is on the arm and is very similar, the players hips and shoulders will wind to the front

• The server makes the call and lines to there destination
• Each part will happen on their body depending on the server
• The servers weight will still remain in there body

General Serve

• Players are generally in the base from there location Aim is that the opposing team does not catch there shot

• Hips shoulder base, slightly leading from where to strike, slightly leaning

Serve Technique

• Stance is slightly turned with the lead leg in from with hips stacked normally. The weight on both feet
• The serving arm need hang back from a straight position, slightly touching over the weight
• The serve will touch at the position and is almost 100 percent, in most positions

Common Mistakes/Serve

• Not adjusting when in movement
• The ball and body positions not lining up proper
• Weight not in correct alignment, in the way etc

From the Top

• Strike the ball at an incline
• The ball is straight and will need to go up or down
• Is also straight with the shoulder point

Tennisaufschlag

• Stand there body and take on to the ground
• The top of the arms will strike forward
• Right shoulder will be pushed back
• Light will be over the body. Right behind