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Questions and Answers
What primarily drives volcanic eruptions, similar to the force that propels a cork from a champagne bottle?
What primarily drives volcanic eruptions, similar to the force that propels a cork from a champagne bottle?
- The weight of the earth's crust.
- External atmospheric pressure.
- Pressure from dissolved gases. (correct)
- The density of the magma.
Which of the following is a characteristic of an active volcano?
Which of the following is a characteristic of an active volcano?
- It has a recent history of eruptions. (correct)
- It has not erupted in recorded history.
- It is located far from tectonic plate boundaries.
- It shows no signs of future eruption.
Which of the following best describes a dormant volcano?
Which of the following best describes a dormant volcano?
- A volcano that erupts continually.
- A volcano with no potential for future eruption.
- A volcano that only erupts under specific weather conditions.
- A volcano that has not erupted for a long time but may erupt again. (correct)
Volcanic eruptions are classified into two main types based on their eruptive style. What are they?
Volcanic eruptions are classified into two main types based on their eruptive style. What are they?
Which of the following is a key characteristic of effusive volcanic eruptions?
Which of the following is a key characteristic of effusive volcanic eruptions?
Which term describes phenomena arising from volcanic activity that pose a threat to people or property?
Which term describes phenomena arising from volcanic activity that pose a threat to people or property?
Why are lava flows considered a volcanic hazard with a 'rarely threaten human life' impact?
Why are lava flows considered a volcanic hazard with a 'rarely threaten human life' impact?
What is a significant negative impact of ash fall or tephra fall from a volcanic eruption?
What is a significant negative impact of ash fall or tephra fall from a volcanic eruption?
Which of the following descriptions characterizes pyroclastic flows?
Which of the following descriptions characterizes pyroclastic flows?
What process primarily contributes to the creation of lahars?
What process primarily contributes to the creation of lahars?
Which of the following is a primary hazard associated with volcanic gases?
Which of the following is a primary hazard associated with volcanic gases?
What defines ballistic projectiles as a volcanic hazard?
What defines ballistic projectiles as a volcanic hazard?
Which of the following is considered a notable precursor to a volcanic eruption?
Which of the following is considered a notable precursor to a volcanic eruption?
What immediate action should be taken if you are outside during a volcanic eruption and rock or ash fall begins?
What immediate action should be taken if you are outside during a volcanic eruption and rock or ash fall begins?
Why is it important to wash utensils thoroughly after a volcanic eruption, even if indoors?
Why is it important to wash utensils thoroughly after a volcanic eruption, even if indoors?
What important precaution should you take concerning your electronics before a potential volcanic eruption?
What important precaution should you take concerning your electronics before a potential volcanic eruption?
Which of the following represents a key component of a 'go-bag' to prepare in case of volcanic evacuation?
Which of the following represents a key component of a 'go-bag' to prepare in case of volcanic evacuation?
What immediate action should you take if you're driving during a heavy ashfall?
What immediate action should you take if you're driving during a heavy ashfall?
After a volcanic eruption, what should you do before clearing ash from your roof and gutters?
After a volcanic eruption, what should you do before clearing ash from your roof and gutters?
What is the function of a volcano?
What is the function of a volcano?
Which of the following actions should be avoided during volcanic activity?
Which of the following actions should be avoided during volcanic activity?
Which of the following should be kept in mind during volcanic activity?
Which of the following should be kept in mind during volcanic activity?
What is the most important item to have in your disaster kit during volcanic activity?
What is the most important item to have in your disaster kit during volcanic activity?
Which of the following statements is incorrect?
Which of the following statements is incorrect?
Which of the following is the least important consideration during ash fall?
Which of the following is the least important consideration during ash fall?
You are outside when suddenly pyroclastic flow is coming in your direction. What should you do?
You are outside when suddenly pyroclastic flow is coming in your direction. What should you do?
Which of the following is true regarding volcanic hazards?
Which of the following is true regarding volcanic hazards?
How do volcanic activities affect bodies of water (hydrosphere)?
How do volcanic activities affect bodies of water (hydrosphere)?
How do volcanic eruptions impact the atmosphere?
How do volcanic eruptions impact the atmosphere?
Flashcards
What is a Volcano?
What is a Volcano?
An opening in the earth's crust through which lava, volcanic ash and gases escape.
What are Active volcanoes?
What are Active volcanoes?
Volcanoes with a recent history of eruptions and are likely to erupt again.
What are Dormant volcanoes?
What are Dormant volcanoes?
Volcanoes that have not erupted for a long time, but may erupt at a future time.
What are Extinct volcanoes?
What are Extinct volcanoes?
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What is Effusive Eruption?
What is Effusive Eruption?
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What is Explosive Eruption?
What is Explosive Eruption?
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What are Volcanic Hazards?
What are Volcanic Hazards?
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What are Lava Flows?
What are Lava Flows?
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What are Ash Fall or Tephra Fall?
What are Ash Fall or Tephra Fall?
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What are Pyroclastic Flows and Surges?
What are Pyroclastic Flows and Surges?
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What are Lahars?
What are Lahars?
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What are Volcanic Gases?
What are Volcanic Gases?
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What are Ballistic Projectiles?
What are Ballistic Projectiles?
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What to do BEFORE a volcanic eruption?
What to do BEFORE a volcanic eruption?
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What to do DURING a volcanic eruption?
What to do DURING a volcanic eruption?
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What to do AFTER a volcanic eruption happen?
What to do AFTER a volcanic eruption happen?
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Study Notes
Learning Objectives
- Explain volcano-related hazards
- Differentiate volcano hazards
- Recognize impending volcanic eruption signs
- Interpret volcano hazard maps
- Employ interventions before, during, and after an eruption
Volcanoes Defined
- A volcano is an opening in Earth's crust
- Lava, volcanic ash, and gases can escape through
- Volcanic eruptions are driven by pressure from dissolved gases
Volcano Classifications
- Volcanoes are classified as active, dormant, or extinct
- Active volcanoes have a recent history of eruptions
- They are likely to erupt again
- Mayon, Hibok-Hibok, Pinatubo, Taal, Kanlaon and Bulusan are active volcanoes
- Dormant volcanoes haven't erupted for a long time
- They may erupt in the future
- Mt. Makiling (Laguna), Mt. Iraya (Batanes), Mt. Alu (Sulu), and Mt. Abuyog (Leyte), Iriga are considered dormant
- Extinct volcanoes are volcanoes not expected to erupt again
- Mount Butay, Mount Guinsiliban on Camiguin are extinct
Volcanic Eruptions
- Volcanic eruptions occur when magma is released
- Eruptions can be effusive or explosive
- Effusive eruptions involve lava flows
- Explosive eruptions involve fragmented rock,ash, and gases exploding out of a vent
Effusive vs Explosive Volcanoes
- Effusive eruptions have lava flows like thick, sticky liquid
- Degassing is common, ash is usually not
- Explosive eruptions cause fragmented lava explodes of a vent
- Fragmented rock, ash, and gases may accompany this
Volcanic Hazards
- Phenomena arising from volcanic activity
- Pose a potential threat to people or property in a given area
Lava Flows
- Streams of molten rock pour from an erupting vent
- They can occur in explosive or non-explosive activity
- Negative impact is that they rarely threaten humn life, can burn, can bury, can destroy bridges and highways
Ash Fall or Tephra Fall
- Also known as "volcanic ash"
- Loosely used to describe all explosive eruption products which include dissolved gases in magma
- Widespread distribution is caused by wind
- Negative impacts are that they can cause poor visibility, damage agricultural land, clog, dangerous aircrafts, gases can be harmful, and can collapse infrastructure
Pyroclastic Flows and Surges
- Turbulent mass of ejected fragmented volcanic materials mixed with hot gases
- Flows downslope at very high speeds
- Can destroy anything in its path, including sites, forests, farmlands, crops, and buildings
Lahars
- Mudflow made up of volcanic debris
- Can be indicated by small slope, gathering water collapses
- Caused by rapid melting of snow and ice, heavy rainfall on loose volcanic debris and volcano eruptions from a water crater
- Can destroy bridges, roads, houses by impact, block tributary and subemerge nearby villages, or bury valleys and communities with debris
Volcanic Gases
- Gases released from the magma as it rises
- Large eruptions can quickly release lots of gas
- CO2, carbon dioxide trapped in low lying areas can be deadly for humans and animals
- S02, Sulfur dioxide is irritating to the eyes, skin, and respiratory system
- H2S Hydrogen Sulfide is ver toxic in high concentrations, exposure to 500 ppm can cause humans to became unconsious in 5 minutes and die in an hour or less
- HF, HCI, Hbr – Hydrogen Halides are toxic acids and can poison drinking water and the agriculture land
Ballistic Projectiles
- Volcanic materials directly ejected from a volcano's vent
- Force and trajectory are related
- Erupting volcanoes can hurl rocks into the air
Recognizing Precursors
- Increase in earthquake frequency and intensity
- Noticeable steaming or fumarolic activity, new/enlarged hot areas
- Subtle ground swelling
- Small changes in heat flow
- Changes in gas composition
Before a Volcanic Eruption
- Evacuate immediately if within affected area radius (local government units to give warning)
- Stay tuned to news for evacuation plans, information from trusted sources
- Charge electronics
- Know disaster hotlines
- National Emergency Hotline: 911
- Philippine National Police: 117
- PHIVOLCS: (02) 8426-1468–79
- Philippine Red Cross: 143 or (02) 8790-2300
- Bureau of Fire Protection: (02) 8426-0246
- NDRRMC: (02) 8911-5061 to 65 local 100
- Complete list of government hotlines: https://www.gov.ph/hotlines
- Prepare a go-bag(mask, copies of docs, phone and powerbank, flashlights, 3 gallons of water, non-perishable food, hygiene and sanitation items, first aid, cash)
During a Volcanic Eruption
- Use an N95 dust mask
- If unavailable, improvise one from a damp cloth or t-shirt
- Guard your skin and eyes with proper clothes, glasses, or goggles
- Keep your pets indoors
- Seek shelter if you are outside
- If you are indoors, stay tuned to news updates
- Close windows and doors
- Dampen curtains
- Pull over and stop if you are driving
- Cover water and food
- Wash utensils
After A Volcanic Eruption
- Stay inside your home until local government states it's safe
- Monitor children
- Use protective gear(masks, glasses or Googles, long sleeved clothing, pants, shoes)
- Clean gutters and roof with water after clearing ash to prevent corrosion
- Wait from the government to provide information
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