Volcano Types and Characteristics
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Questions and Answers

What is a characteristic feature of shield volcanoes?

  • Rapid formation during explosive eruptions
  • Steep sides and small size
  • Fluid basalt leading to gentle slopes (correct)
  • High silica content

Which of the following is true about cinder cone volcanoes?

  • They mainly produce lava flows rather than pyroclastic fragments.
  • They are typically large and broad.
  • They often form abruptly from a single eruptive event. (correct)
  • They form from layering of lava and pyroclastic material.

What type of material do composite volcanoes primarily produce during eruptions?

  • Volcanic gases only
  • Fluid basalt lava flows
  • Ash flows and pyroclastic flows (correct)
  • Low-viscosity lava

Which feature distinguishes the structure of a shield volcano?

<p>A broad shield-like structure formed by fluid lava (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which notable eruption is linked to a composite volcano?

<p>The eruption of Mount St. Helens in 1980 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a caldera?

<p>A collapsed, evacuated magma chamber (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is associated with pyroclastic flows?

<p>They move rapidly due to gravity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one effect of volcanic eruptions on global climate?

<p>They can lead to a decrease in solar radiation reaching Earth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of volcanic activity tends to be more violent?

<p>Continental granitic/intermediate eruptions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which volcano is known for its significant ash flow that buried Pompeii?

<p>Mt Vesuvius (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be a sign of imminent volcanic eruption?

<p>Geodetic changes in the volcano's shape (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of the eruption of Mount Pinatubo in 1991?

<p>Decline in solar radiation reaching Earth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of marine species were lost during the Permian extinction?

<p>90% (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Shield Volcanoes

  • Form from fluid basalt with low silica content
  • Gentle slopes and large size
  • Examples: Mauna Loa, Mauna Kea (Hawaii), Iceland
  • Non-explosive eruptions create wide lava flows

Cinder Cone Volcanoes

  • Formed from pyroclastic fragments (volcanic debris)
  • Steep, small and symmetrical shape
  • Form rapidly, often in a single eruption
  • Example: Sunset Crater in Arizona

Composite Volcanoes

  • Layers of lava and pyroclastic material create a hard, erosion-resistant surface
  • Steep sides and tall shape
  • Made from andesitic magma with high silica content
  • Examples: Mount St. Helens, Mount Rainier (Washington), Mount Vesuvius (Italy)

Caldera

  • Collapsed, evacuated magma chamber
  • Steep-walled, circular, large (40+ km in diameter)
  • Examples: Yellowstone caldera (three calderas with eruptions 1.9 and 0.6 million years ago) and Yosemite's Long Valley (Bishop Tuff)

Pyroclastic Flows

  • Column of pyroclastic materials and gas
  • Hot (1000°C or 1800°F) and fast (700 kph or 450 mph)
  • Travel long distances (up to 100 km or 62 mi)
  • Examples: Nueè ardente "glowing cloud"

Ash Flow Tuff

  • Ash welded or compacted after flow
  • Example: Mount Vesuvius (buried Pompeii and Herculaneum in 79 AD)

Volcanic Eruptions Prediction: Regional

  • Areas most likely for eruptions: subduction zones, spreading centers, hotspots

Volcanic Prediction: Short Term

  • Changes in shape, earthquakes swarms, gas/ash emission, temperature anomalies
  • Examples:
    • Mount St. Helens (1980)
    • Montserrat (1997)

Volcanic Eruptions and Global Climate

  • Examples:
    • Pinatubo eruption (1991) caused global cooling
    • Permian extinction (225 million years ago) linked to Siberian flood basalts

Mantle Carbon

  • Basalt eruptions release CO2 (0.44% weight/weight).
  • Large volcanic eruptions can influence global temperatures, both warming and cooling.

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Related Documents

Untitled Volcanoes PDF

Description

Explore the different types of volcanoes, including shield, cinder cone, composite, and calderas. Learn about their formations, examples, and eruption styles. This quiz will test your knowledge on the unique features and definitions associated with each volcano type.

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