78 Questions
What is the most common gas emitted during a volcanic eruption?
Water vapor
How can water vapor impact climate change during a volcanic eruption?
Contribute to global warming
What is the role of carbon dioxide, one of the volcanic gases, in the atmosphere?
Contributing to global warming
Why can carbon dioxide be fatal to humans during a volcanic eruption?
It traps heat and forces it to return to the earth
What negative environmental consequence does sulfur dioxide, in the form of aerosols, contribute to?
Acid rain
What happens to volcanic gases initially when they are dissolved in magma?
They remain dormant until eruption
Why can water vapor benefit the planet despite its negative impacts?
It provides moisture for the water cycle
How do volcanic gases like carbon dioxide affect air quality?
Degrade air quality by trapping heat and forcing it back to earth
What type of stress creates a reverse fault?
Compressional stress
Which type of mountain is created at the boundary of two continental tectonic plates that collide?
Fold mountains
What is the block of rock that sits above the fault called?
Hanging wall
What is the primary factor used to identify folds?
Tightness of the folds
Which type of fault forms along divergent boundaries?
Normal fault
What type of plate boundary is associated with strike-slip faults?
Transform boundary
What causes dome mountains to form?
Magma pushing towards the surface
What is the gradual removal of sediments or pieces of rock from surface rock known as?
Weathering
Which process can be physical or chemical and is caused by wind, water, and gravity?
Weathering
What is the main idea of geology that states the present is the key to the past?
Uniformitarianism
Which process involves the transportation of broken rock fragments from one place to another?
Erosion
What occurs when acidic rainwater dissolves minerals in rock?
Chemical Weathering
Which geological process can create landforms such as dunes, sandbanks, and islands?
Deposition
What is the process that converts larger rocks into smaller pieces due to wind, water, and glaciers?
Weathering
Which law helps geologists determine the order of events in a landform diagram by stating that layers of sediment are generally deposited in a horizontal position?
Law of Original Horizontality
What makes pyroclastic flows very deadly?
High speeds and toxic gases
What is the main reason why tephra is considered extremely dangerous?
It negatively impacts respiratory health in a wide area
What is the primary cause of landslides near volcanic mountains?
Earthquakes induced by volcanic activity
What is the main factor that determines how rocks react to stress?
Temperature and water content
What type of stress causes rocks to be pushed together?
Compressional stress
In what phase of deformation does rock break if the stress is too much?
Fracture
What type of material will flow in response to stress without breaking?
Ductile rock
Which volcanic hazard is a flowing mass of volcanic debris and water?
Lahar
What is the main effect of sulfur dioxide aerosols mentioned in the text?
Reflect the rays of the sun into space
What are pyroclastic flows composed of?
Rock fragments, ash, and gases
What are the two distinct layers found in pyroclastic flows?
Ground layer consisting of rock and lava fragments and ash layer
What are volcanic particles in a pyroclastic flow known as?
Tephra
Which type of eruption results from a fissure, or crack, in the Earth's crust?
Fissure eruption
What is a depression, like a bowl, that forms on top of a volcano after an eruption?
Crater
Where are about 75% of the world's volcanoes located?
Along the Ring of Fire
What do pumice flow deposits tend to be generated by?
More explosive eruptions
What is the most common gas emitted during a volcanic eruption?
Water vapor
How does water vapor impact climate change?
It warms the surface of the earth
What is the main environmental consequence of sulfur dioxide aerosols?
Contributing to acid rain
How does carbon dioxide affect air quality during a volcanic eruption?
Traps heat and forces it to return to the earth
What happens to volcanic gases when magma is released onto the earth's surface?
They escape and cause damage to the earth
How does water vapor benefit the planet despite its negative impacts?
By adding moisture to the water cycle
What is the primary impact of water vapor going into the stratosphere during a volcanic eruption?
It leads to a depletion of the ozone layer
What is the main cause of pyroclastic flows?
Explosive eruptions at volcanoes
What is the distinguishing feature of a pumice flow deposit?
Formation of ignimbrites
How do pyroclastic surges differ from pyroclastic flows?
Higher percentage of gases
What is the end member of pyroclastic flows categorized by high density lava fragments and over head ash cloud?
Nuees Ardente
What type of eruption results from a fissure, or crack, in the Earth's crust?
Fissure eruption
What is a characteristic feature of volcanic plateaus?
Wide, flat area of cooled lava
Where do about 75% of the world's volcanoes tend to be located?
Ring of Fire
What can be formed at the edge of tectonic plates due to their movement and sliding?
Volcanic belt
Why are pyroclastic flows more deadly than lava flows?
Pyroclastic flows contain a higher proportion of toxic gases.
What makes pyroclastic surges different from pyroclastic flows?
Pyroclastic surges contain a higher proportion of gas than rock.
What distinguishes a lahar from a landslide?
A lahar consists of volcanic debris mixed with water.
What is the main preventative measure recommended to mitigate the impact of lahars?
Evacuating people
What geological process can trigger a tsunami near volcanic mountains?
Landslides
What type of stress causes rocks to be pushed together?
Compressional stress
Which factor determines whether a rock will flow or break under stress?
(Ductility/Brittleness) of the rock
What phase of deformation occurs when rocks break under stress?
(Elastic/Fracture) deformation
What type of stress causes rocks to be pushed together?
Compressional stress
What is the block of rock that sits above a fault called?
Hanging wall
What type of fault forms along divergent boundaries?
Normal fault
What causes fold mountains to form?
Colliding continental tectonic plates
Which type of mountain is formed when magma pushes towards Earth's surface but cools prior to being extruded?
Dome mountains
What is the primary factor used to identify folds?
Bed thickness
Where are dome mountains most likely to form?
Away from tectonic continental plate boundaries
What is the name for the block of rock that lies below a fault?
Footwall
What is the process of the gradual removal of sediments or pieces of rock from surface rock called?
Weathering
Which type of weathering occurs when water freezes, expands, and cracks rock?
Frost wedging
What is the main idea in geology that states the present is the key to the past?
Uniformitarianism
What is the transportation of broken rock fragments from one place to another known as?
Erosion
Which geological process involves the settling of sediment in areas of low elevation, usually in still bodies of water?
Deposition
What can cause landslides or river floods that erode the surface of the Earth drastically?
Extreme weather events
Which law helps geologists determine the order of events in a landform diagram by stating that layers of sediment are generally deposited in a horizontal position?
Law of original horizontality
What causes rocks and soil to break apart due to weather, temperature, or animals?
Physical weathering and erosion
Test your knowledge on volcanic hazards such as lava flows, pyroclastic flows, pyroclastic surges, and tephra. Learn about the characteristics of each hazard and their potential impact on the environment and human populations.
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